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Kuwedzera kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kudiwa kwenharembozha nharembozha kwakonzera kuenderera mberi kwekubuda kwemawireless technologies (G), iyo inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakasiyana pamaitiro ezvipenyu. Kuti tiedze izvi, takafumura makonzo kune imwechete-musoro kuratidzwa kune 4G yenguva refu evolution (LTE) -1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) kwemaawa maviri takazopedzisira tapedza maawa maviri. neuroinflammation pa microglia spatial coverage uye electrophysiological neuronal activity in the primary auditory cortex (ACx) .Ivhareji yeSAR muACx ndeye 0.5 W / kg.Multi-unit rekodhi inoratidza kuti LTE-EMF inokonzera kuderedzwa kwesimba remhinduro kune toni dzakachena uye manzwi echisikigo, apo acoustic anowedzera mukati uye kuwedzera kwepakati. mafrequencies.Iba1 immunohistochemistry yakaratidza kusachinja munzvimbo yakafukidzwa nemitumbi yemicroglial uye maitiro.Mumakonzo ane hutano, kuratidzwa kweLTE kwakafanana hakuna kuita shanduko mukupindura kwesimba uye acoustic thresholds.Data yedu inoratidza kuti acute neuroinflammation inokurudzira neurons kuLTE-EMF, zvichikonzera kuchinjwa kwe ACx kugadziridzwa kweacoustic.
Mamiriro emagetsi evanhu achinja zvikuru mumakore makumi matatu adarika nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuita nharembozha.Parizvino, vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevanhu vanonzi vanoshandisa nharembozha (MP). kutaurirana.Iyi nyaya yehutano hweveruzhinji yakafuridzira huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvekuyedza zvakatsaurirwa kuferefeta mhedzisiro yeradiofrequency absorption mubiological tissues1.Zvimwe zvezvidzidzo izvi zvakatsvaga shanduko mu neuronal network chiitiko uye maitiro ekuziva, zvichipihwa kuswedera kwehuropi kune RF zvinyorwa pasi pekushandiswa kwakapararira kweMP.Zvizhinji zvakashumwa zvidzidzo zvakashandiswa mugwaro rechipiri pulmol mhedzisiro ye2 mobile system (GSM) kana wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pemigumisiro yeredhiyo frequency signals inoshandiswa muchizvarwa chechina (4G) mobile services, iyo inovimba ne-digital Internet Protocol teknolojia inonzi Long Term Evolution.TE011 kusvika 6.6 bhiriyoni pasi rose LTE vanyoreri muna Ndira 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com) .Kuenzaniswa neGSM (2G) uye WCDMA (3G) masisitimu anobva pane imwechete-carrier modulation schemes, LTE inoshandisa Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) seyokutanga chiratidzo fomati6.Pasi rose, LTE 5 dzakasiyana siyana nhare mbozha 70 uye LTE shandisa masevhisi 7 MHz, kusanganisira 900 uye 1800 MHz mabhendi anoshandiswawo muGSM.
Kugona kweRF kuratidzwa kunokanganisa maitiro ehupenyu kunonyanya kutariswa neiyo chaiyo absorption rate (SAR) inoratidzwa muW / kg, iyo inoyera simba rinotorwa mubiological tissue.The effects of acute 30-minute musoro exposure to 2.573 GHz LTE zviratidzo paglobal neuronal network basa ichangobva kuongororwa muhutano hwevanhu vanozvipira. frequency kushanduka uye kuchinjwa kwemukati-kana inter-regional connectivity, nepo spatial peak SAR mazinga akaenzana pamusoro pe10 g yetishu akafungidzirwa kusiyana pakati pe0.42 ne1.52 W / kg, maererano nemisoro 7, 8, 9.EEG kuongororwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekutsvaga (30 min duration, kg inofungidzirwa peak 1. spectral simba uye hemispheric coherence mu alpha uye beta bands.Zvisinei, zvimwe zvidzidzo zviviri zvichibva paEEG analysis zvakawana kuti 20 kana 30 maminetsi emusoro weLTE, pamwe nepamusoro penharaunda yeSAR mazinga akaiswa kumativi e2 W / kg, angave asina maitiro anoonekwa11 kana kuti akakonzera simba rekuvhenekera mubhandi re alpha rakaderera, asi cognition test haina kuchinja. .Kusiyana kwakasiyana kwakawanikwawo mumigumisiro yeEEG kana zvidzidzo zvepfungwa zvakananga kutarisa migumisiro yeGSM kana UMTS EMF kuratidzwa.Ivo inofungidzirwa kuti inobva mukusiyana kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa nzira uye maitiro ekuedza, kusanganisira chiratidzo chechiratidzo uye modulation, kuratidzwa kwakanyanya uye nguva, kana kubva kune heterogeneity mune zvidzidzo zvevanhu maererano nezera, kana gender.
Kusvika ikozvino, zvidzidzo zvishoma zvemhuka zvakashandiswa kuona kuti kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo cheLTE kunobata sei basa rehuropi.Ichangobva kutaurwa kuti maitiro ekugadzirisa makonzo kubva pakupera kwe embryo kusvika pakuyamwisa (30 min / zuva, 5 mazuva / vhiki, ine chiyero chemuviri wose SAR ye0.5 kana 1 W / kg) yakakonzera kuchinjwa kwemotokari mumunhu mukuru uye appetated perpeave24 . zuva remavhiki e6) mumakonzo makuru akawanikwa kuti aite oxidative kusagadzikana uye kuderedza amplitude yezvinooneka zvakaburitswa zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva mutsinga yeoptic, ine yakakura SAR inofungidzirwa kunge yakaderera se10 mW / kg15.
Pamusoro pekuongorora pazvikero zvakawanda, kusanganisira maseru uye mamorekuru, mhando dzemakonzo dzinogona kushandiswa kudzidza mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweRF panguva yechirwere, sezvakambotariswa paGSM kana WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF mumamiriro eiyo acute neuroinflammation. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza mhedzisiro yekubatwa, neurodegenerative zvirwere kana gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -injected rodents is a classic preclinical model of acute neuroinflammatory responses inobatanidza nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzerwa nemavhairasi kana mabhakitiriya anobata ruzhinji rwevanhu gore negore.Iyi mamiriro ekuputika anotungamirira kune chirwere chinogadziriswa uye kuora mwoyo kwemaitiro syndrome kunoratidzwa nefivha, kurasikirwa kwechido, uye kuderedzwa kwehutano hwemagariro evanhu seCNS phagosites makiyi ekubatana kwesero. Neuroinflammatory response.Kurapwa kwemakonzo neLPS kunokonzera kushandiswa kwemicroglia kunoratidzwa nekugadziriswa kwechimiro chavo uye maitiro emagetsi uye kuchinja kwakadzama mumutauro we transcriptome, kusanganisira kukwidziridzwa kwemajeni encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines kana ma enzymes, anokanganisa neuronal network Mabasa 22, 23, 24.
Kudzidza mhedzisiro yeawa imwe chete ye2-hour kuratidzwa kune GSM-1800 MHz EMF mumakonzo akabatwa neLPS, takaona kuti kusaina kweGSM kunokonzeresa mhinduro dzema cell mu cerebral cortex, inokanganisa gene expression, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing uye inmorphebral mhedzisiro yaisava microreglia mhedzisiro. yakaonekwa mumakonzo ane hutano akagamuchira zvakafanana GSM exposure, zvichiratidza kuti LPS-yakakonzera neuroinflammatory state inosimudzira CNS masero kuGSM signing.Kutarisa pane auditory cortex (ACx) yemakonzo akabatwa neLPS, apo SAR yemunharaunda yakaenzana ne1.55 W / kg, takaona kuti GSM kuratidzwa kweGSM kwakaguma mukureba kwebazi kana kuti kuderera kwemaitiro ekureba kwebazi uye kuderera kwebazi rekureba kwebazi. inoburitswa nematoni akachena uye .Natural Stimulation 28.
Muchidzidzo chemazuva ano, tine chinangwa chekuongorora kana musoro-chete kuratidzwa kweLTE-1800 MHz zviratidzo zvinogonawo kuchinja microglial morphology uye neuronal basa mu ACx, kuderedza simba rekuratidzwa nezvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu. 0.5 W/kg.
Tichipihwa humbowo hwapfuura hwekuti kuratidzwa kuGSM-1800 MHz kwakachinja microglial morphology pasi pemamiriro ekudzivirira, takaongorora chiitiko ichi mushure mekuratidzwa kusaina kweLTE.
Makonzo makuru akaiswa jekiseni neLPS 24 maawa asati asvika musoro-chete sham exposure kana kutarisana neLTE-1800 MHz.Pakuonekwa, LPS-yakakonzera neuroinflammatory responses yakasimbiswa mu cerebral cortex, sezvakaratidzwa nekukwidziridzwa kweproinflammatory genes uye kuchinja mu cortical microglia average by SAR morphology. chiyero che 0.5 W / kg mu ACx (Mufananidzo 2) .Kuti tione kana LPS-activated microglia yaiteerera LTE EMF, takaongorora zvikamu zve cortical zvakasvibiswa ne-anti-Iba1 iyo yakasarudzwa yakanyora masero aya.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3a, muzvikamu zveACx zvakagadziriswa 3 kusvika ku4 maawa akatarisa, akatarisa exglia 3 kusvika kuLTE maawa akafanana. "dense-like" cell morphology yakakurudzirwa neLPS pro-inflammatory treatment (Mufananidzo 1) .Inoenderana nekusavapo kwemhinduro dze morphological, kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwemufananidzo hakuna kuratidza kusiyana kwakasiyana munzvimbo yose (isina t-test isina kuvharwa, p = 0.308) kana nzvimbo (p = 0.196) uye density (p = immunoposure ye-0.0). 1-yakasvibiswa sero miviri muLTE rats inopesana nemhuka dzakafumurwa sham (Fig. 3b-d).
Migumisiro yeLPS ip injection pa cortical microglia morphology.Mumiririri maonero e microglia muchikamu checoronal checerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) maawa 24 mushure mejojo ye intraperitoneal yeLPS kana motokari (control) .Masero akasvibiswa ne-anti-Iba1 antibody sezvakatsanangurwa kare.LPS mugumisiro wepro-inflammatory uye micro-inflammatory kuchinja kwepromorphology yeLPS mugumisiro wepro-inflammatory uye micro-inflammatory, LPS pro-inflammatory inoguma yakawedzera mapfupi echipiri mapazi emaserura maitiro, zvichiita kuti pave ne "dense-like" kuonekwa.Scale bar: 20 µm.
Dosimetric ongororo yechakanyanya kunyudzwa mwero (SAR) muuropi hwegonzo panguva yekuratidzwa 1800 MHz LTE.A yakambotsanangura heterogeneous modhi ye phantom rat uye loop antenna62 yakashandiswa kuongorora SAR yemuno muuropi, ne 0.5 mm3 cubic grid.(a) Kuonekwa kwepasi rose kwegonzo rekuisa pamusoro peiyo ratna simbi ine expporal modhi mumusoro pad (yero) pasi pemuviri.(b) Kugoverwa kweSAR muuropi hwemunhu mukuru pa 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution.Nzvimbo yakaganhurwa neblack outline muchikamu chesagittal inoenderana neprimary auditory cortex panoongororwa microglial neneuronal.Chikero cheruvara-coded chekuenzanisa kukosha kweSAR chinoshanda kune ese manhamba.
LPS-injected microglia murat auditory cortex inotevera LTE kana Sham exposure.(a) Representative stacked view of microglia yakasvibiswa ne anti-Iba1 antibody mu coronal sections yeLPS-perfused rat auditory cortex 3 kusvika 4 maawa mushure mekuratidzwa kweSham kana LTE (kuratidzwa: 20bdµ). kuongororwa kwe microglia 3 kusvika maawa 4 mushure me sham (madotsi akazaruka) kana LTE exposure (yakafumurwa, madotsi matema) (b, c) Spatial coverage (b) ye microglia marker Iba1 uye nzvimbo dzeIba1-positive cell body (c) .Data inomiririra anti-Iba1 staining area normalized to the mean kubva kuSham-exposed microstained 1 microglial mhuka. miviri.Kusiyana pakati peSham (n = 5) uye LTE (n = 6) mhuka dzakanga dzisingakoshi (p> 0.05, unpaired t-test) .Kumusoro uye pasi pebhokisi, mitsara yepamusoro uye yakadzika inomiririra 25th-75th percentile uye 5-95th percentile, maererano.Kukosha kwepakati kunoratidzwa mubhokisi dzvuku.
Tafura 1 inopfupisa nhamba dzemhuka uye marekodhi akawanda akawanikwa muprimary auditory cortex yemapoka mana emakonzo (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS) 1) Tichishandisa mucherechedzo uyu, takasarudza marekodhi mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu nenhanhatu eboka reSham, 273 marekodhi eboka Rakafumurwa, 299 marekodhi eboka reSham-LPS, uye 295 marekodhi eboka reExposed-LPS.
Mundima dzinotevera, isu tichatanga kutsanangura maparamendi akatorwa kubva kune spectral-temporal receptive field (kureva, mhinduro kune yakachena tones) uye mhinduro kune xenogeneic chaiyo vocalizations.Tichabva tatsanangura quantification yefrequency response area inowanikwa kuboka rimwe nerimwe.Tichifunga nezvekuvapo kwe "nested data" 30 mune yedu yekuongorora nzvimbo yekuongorora nhamba ye electrode yakaitwa nhamba yekuongorora, yose yakaitwa muongororo yekuongorora nhamba ye electrodes yakaitwa. array (mutsara wekupedzisira muTable 1), asi zvese zvinotsanangurwa pazasi zvaive zvakare zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinzvimbo muboka rega rega. Huwandu hwehuwandu hwemarekodhi akawanda akaunganidzwa (mutsetse wechitatu muTafura 1).
Mufananidzo 4a unoratidza optimal frequency distribution (BF, ichiita maximal response pa75 dB SPL) ye-cortical neurons inowanikwa muLPS-treated Sham uye mhuka dzakafumurwa.Kuwanda kwehuwandu hweBF mumapoka ose maviri akawedzerwa kubva ku1 kHz kusvika ku36 kHz.Kuongorora kweStatistical kwakaratidza kuti kugoverwa uku kwakanga kwakafanana (chi-square) , inoratidzira mapoka maviri, p8, comparison, p8, p8, 2, 2009. inogona kuitwa pasina kusarudzika kwesampling.
Migumisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pane quantified parameters ye cortical responses mumhuka dzakabatwa neLPS.(a) BF kugoverwa mumakortical neurons emhuka dzakabatwa neLPS dzakaratidzwa kuLTE (nhema) uye sham-yakaiswa kuLTE (white).Hapana mutsauko pakati pekugoverwa kuviri.(bf) Mhedzisiro yeLTE exposure pakuona kwenzvimbo ye temporal parameter (STRF) .Simba rekupindura rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya (* p <0.05, unpaired t-test) kumativi ose STRF (simba rose rekupindura) uye optimal frequencies (b, c) .Response duration, response bandwidth, uye bandwidth nguva dzose (df) . Zvose simba uye kuvimbika kwekanguva kwemhinduro kumashoko ezwi zvakaderedzwa (g, (i) zvakanyanya kuderedzwa (g, (i) basa rakaderedzwa (g, (i). 0.05, unpaired t-test) .(j,k) Migumisiro yeLTE kuratidzwa pamakortical thresholds.Mean thresholds akanga akakwirira zvikuru muLTE-akafumurwa makonzo kana achienzaniswa nemakonzo akafumurwa.
Mifananidzo 4b-f inoratidza kugoverwa kwemiganhu yakabva ku STRF yemhuka idzi (zvinoreva zvinoratidzirwa nemitsara yakatsvuka) Migumisiro yeLTE yakasvibiswa pamhuka dzakabatwa neLPS yakaratidza kuratidza kuderera neuronal excitability.Kutanga, simba rose rekupindura uye mhinduro dzakanyanya kuderera muBF kana ichienzaniswa nemhuka dzeSham-LPS (Fig. 4, p0 = 1 p 1 = 0 t 0 ; =. Mhuka dzakabatwa neLPS (Fig. 4d-f), zvichiratidza kuti frequency selectivity uye kunyatsoita mhinduro dzekutanga hazvina kukanganiswa neLTE kuratidzwa mumhuka dzakabatwa neLPS.
Isu takazoongorora kana toni yakachena cortical zvikumbaridzo zvakashandurwa neLTE exposure.Kubva kunzvimbo yefrequency response area (FRA) yakawanikwa kubva kune imwe neimwe yakanyorwa, takasarudza zvikumbaridzo zvekuongorora kwega rega rega uye takaenzanisa zvikumbaridzo izvi zvemapoka maviri emhuka. maAuditory thresholds eSham uye Mapoka Akafumurwa akaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwezvikumbaridzo mumhuka dzakafumurwa zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzeSham (Fig. 4j), mhedzisiro yainyanya kutaurwa muzasi uye pakati mafrequencies. yakaderera (chi-square = 43.85; p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 4k, kuruboshwe Mufananidzo). Mhedzisiro imwechete yakaonekwa pakati pe-frequency (2.25
Migumisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pane quantified parameters ye cortical responses mumhuka dzine utano.(a) BF kugoverwa mu cortical neurons yemhuka dzine utano dzakaratidzwa kuLTE (dark blue) uye sham-yakaiswa kuLTE (light blue).Hapana mutsauko pakati pekugoverwa kuviri.(bf) Mhedzisiro yeLTE kuratidzwa pamiganhu yekuenzanisa kuenzanisa kuenzanisa kweSTRF kusinganzwisisi kuchinja kwakakura. kusimba kwekupindura kwepamusoro pe STRF uye optimal frequencies (b, c) .Pane kuwedzera kuduku kwekupindura kwenguva (d), asi hapana kuchinja mukupindura bandwidth uye bandwidth (e, f) .Kana simba kana kuvimbika kwepanguva yemhinduro kune mazwi akachinjwa (g, h) Pakanga pasina kuchinja kukuru mubasa rinongoerekana raitika (ed) (i) t. Migumisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pazvikumbaridzo zvekortical.Paavhareji, zvikumbaridzo hazvina kunyanya kuchinjwa muLTE-yakasvibiswa rats zvichienzaniswa neSham-exposed rats, asi yakakwirira frequency zvikumbaridzo zvaive zvishoma zvishoma mumhuka dzakasununguka.
Mifananidzo 5b-f inoratidza mabhokisi emabhokisi anomiririra kugovera uye zvinoreva (mutsara mutsvuku) wezviyero zvakatorwa kubva kumapoka maviri e STRFs.Mumhuka dzine utano, LTE inoratidzira pachayo yakanga ine zvishoma zvishoma pahuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvikamu zve STRF.Kuenzaniswa neboka reSham (light vs dark blue boxes for the exposure group), LTE exposure haina kuchinja chero ipi zvayo ye5b kana mhinduro yeBten yose; unpaired t-test, p = 0.2176, uye p = 0.8696 maererano) .Pakanga pasinawo chiitiko pane spectral bandwidth uye latency (p = 0.6764 uye p = 0.7129, maererano), asi pane kuwedzera kukuru kwekupindura kwenguva (p = 0.047) . 0.4375), kuvimbika kwepakati-yekuedzwa kwemhinduro idzi (Fig. 5h, p = 0.3412), uye basa rinongoerekana raitika (Fig. 5) .5i; p = 0.3256).
Mufananidzo 5j unoratidza zvinoreva (± sem) zvikumbaridzo kubva ku1.1 kusvika ku36 kHz mumakonzo ane hutano.Haina kuratidza kusiyana kwakasiyana pakati pe sham nemakonzo akafumurwa, kunze kwechikumbaridzo chakaderera mumhuka dzakafumurwa pamhepo dzakakwirira (11-36 kHz) (isina t-test, p = 3). (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), pakanga pane neuroni shoma shoma ine pasi uye yepakati zvikumbaridzo (apo zvikumbaridzo zvakakwirira) zvishoma neuroni).
Mukupedzisa, apo mhuka dzine hutano dzakaratidzwa kuLTE, pakanga pasina simba rekupindura kune toni dzakachena uye manzwi akaoma akadai sezwi.Uyezve, mumhuka dzine hutano, cortical auditory thresholds yakafanana pakati pemhuka dzakafumurwa uye sham, asi mumhuka dzakabatwa neLPS, LTE yakasvibiswa yakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekortical infrequency uye pakati-kunyanya kuderera.
Chidzidzo chedu chakaratidza kuti mumakonzo evarume vakuru vane acute neuroinflammation, kutarisana neLTE-1800 MHz neSARACx yemunharaunda ye0.5 W / kg (ona Nzira) yakaguma nekuderera kukuru kwehukukutu hwemhinduro dzakakonzerwa nezwi muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zvekutaurirana.Izvi shanduko muhutano neuronal yakaitika pasina chiyero chakafukidzwa chekuchinja kwespagli. LTE pamusoro pehukuru hwekortical evoked responses haina kuonekwa mumakonzo ane utano.Tichifunga nezvekufanana muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwekugovera pakati pezvikamu zvekurekodha muLTE-yakafumurwa uye mhuka dzakashama-yakasvibiswa, kusiyana kwehutano hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hunogona kukonzerwa nemigumisiro yehupenyu yezviratidzo zveLTE panzvimbo yekuenzanisa kuenzanisa (Fig. more 4a inspectral inspection of the bandwidth inspection). LTE-yakafumurwa makonzo inoratidza kuti, kazhinji, izvi zvakarekodhwa zvakatorwa kubva kune imwecheteyo cortical layers, iyo iri munzvimbo yekutanga ACx pane yechipiri matunhu.
Kuziva kwedu, mhedzisiro yeLTE inoratidzira pane neuronal mhinduro haina kutaurwa kare.Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvekare zvakanyora kugona kweGSM-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz inoenderera mberi wave (CW) kushandura neuronal excitability, kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakura zvichienderana nekuyedza nzira.Nguva pfupi mushure mekuratidzwa kune SAR-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz inoenderera mberi wave (CW) kushandura neuronal excitability, kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakura zvichienderana nekuyedza nzira.Nguva pfupi mushure mekuratidzwa kune SAR-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz inoenderera mberi wave (CW) kushandura neuronal excitability, kunyangwe nekusiyana kwakasiyana zvichienderana nekuyedza nzira. snail ganglia yakaratidza kuderera kwezvikumbaridzo zvekukonzeresa zvinogona kuita uye neuronal modulation.Kune rimwe divi, spiking uye kuputika kwekuita muprimary neuronal tsika dzakatorwa kubva kuuropi hwegonzo yakaderedzwa nekuratidzwa kuGSM-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz CW kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu paSARkgkg ye4. of exposure.Kunyarara kwakakwana kwemaneuroni kwakawanikwa paSAR ye9.2 W/kg.Dose-response analysis yakaratidza kuti GSM-1800 MHz yakanga yakanyatsoshanda kudarika 1800 MHz CW mukudzvinyirira kuputika kwechiitiko, zvichiratidza kuti neuronal mhinduro dzinotsamira paRF signal modulation.
Muchidzidzo chedu, cortical evoked responses yakaunganidzwa mu vivo 3 kusvika maawa 6 mushure mekunge 2-awa musoro-chete kuratidzwa kwapera.Muchidzidzo chekare, takaongorora mhedzisiro yeGSM-1800 MHz paSARACx ye1.55 W / kg uye hatina kuwana mhedzisiro yakakosha painzwi-yakamutswa cortical mhinduro mumakonzo ane hutano akabuda chete akakosha rats. LTE-1800 pa 0.5 W / kg SARACx yakanga iri kuwedzera kuduku munguva yemhinduro pakuratidzwa kwematoni akachena.Ichi chiitiko chakaoma kutsanangura nokuti hachina kuperekedzwa nekuwedzera kwekupindura kwesimba, zvichiratidza kuti iyi nguva yakareba yekupindura inoitika nenhamba imwechete yezviitwa zvinogona kubudiswa ne cortical neurons.Imwe tsananguro yetsanangudzo yetsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvinogona kunge zviri izvo LTE kutsanangura kunogona kunge kuchiita kuti LTE iite zvishoma nezvishoma. yakanyorwa kuti mukutanga ACx feedforward inhibition inodzora nguva yemhinduro dze pyramidal cell dzinokonzereswa nekunakidza thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Kusiyana neizvi, mumakonzo akaiswa kuLPS-triggered neuroinflammation, LTE exposure yakanga isina mhedzisiro yenguva yekurira-yakasimudza neuronal firing, asi zvakakosha zvakaonekwa pakusimba kwemhinduro dzakaburitswa.Ichokwadi, zvichienzaniswa neuronal mhinduro dzakanyorwa muLPS-sham-yakafumurwa makonzo, neurons muLPS-yakagadziriswa makonzo muLPS-yakagadziriswa mapeji akafumurwa kudzokororo yavo. akacherechedza zvose pakupa toni dzakachena uye manzwi echisikigo .Kuderedza kusimba kwemhinduro kune toni dzakachena kwakaitika pasina kuderedzwa kwe spectral tuning bandwidth ye75 dB, uye sezvo yakaitika pamasimba ose ekurira, yakaguma nekuwedzera kweacoustic thresholds ye cortical neurons pakadzika uye pakati pefrequencies.
Kudzikiswa kwesimba remhinduro yakamutswa kwakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yeLTE siginecha paSARACx ye0.5 W/kg mumhuka dzakabatwa neLPS yakanga yakafanana neyeGSM-1800 MHz yakashandiswa katatu yakakwirira SARACx (1.55 W/kg) 28 .Kana iri yeGSM kusaina, kuratidzwa kwemusoro kuLTE-1800 kuderedzwa neuroratnal subject ACcita LPS-triggered neuroinflammation.Mu maererano nekufungidzira uku, takaonawo maitiro ekuderera kwekuyedzwa kwekuedza kwemhinduro neuronal kumashoko (Fig. 4h) uye kuderera kwekuita kwechiito (Fig. 4i) .Zvisinei, zvave zvakaoma kuziva mu vivo kana LTE kuisa chiratidzo kunoderedza neuronal intrinsic excitability kana kuderedza ipapo synaptic control neuronal .
Kutanga, mhinduro idzi dzisina simba dzinogona kunge dzakakonzerwa nekunakidzwa kwakaderedzwa kwemasero ekortical mushure mekusangana neLTE 1800 MHz.Kutsigira pfungwa iyi, GSM-1800 MHz uye 1800 MHz-CW yakaderedza kuputika kwechiitiko kana ichishandiswa zvakananga kune tsika dzekutanga dze cortical rat neurons neSAR mazinga e 3.4 W/res SAR level yaidiwa kuti ideredze zvakanyanya kuputika kuita.Kutsigira kuderedzwa kwemukati kunakidzwa, takaonawo mwero wakaderera wekupfurwa kwega kwega mumhuka dziri pachena pane mhuka dzakafumurwa sham.
Chechipiri, kuratidzwa kweLTE kunogonawo kukanganisa synaptic transmission kubva kuthalamo-cortical kana cortical-cortical synapses.Marekodhi akawanda zvino anoratidza kuti, mu-auditory cortex, hupamhi hwekutarisa kwekutarisa hakusi chete kunotsanangurwa neafferent thalamic projections, asi kuti intracortical connections inopa kuwedzera spectral input, corstical yedu yekuongorora, 409 corstical nzvimbo dzakafanana. bandwidths mumhuka dzakafumurwa uye sham-yakafumurwa zvisina kunanga zvakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE yakanga isiri mhedzisiro pane cortical-cortical connectivity.Izvi zvinoratidzawo kuti kuwirirana kwepamusoro kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekortical dzakaratidzwa paSAR kupfuura kuyerwa muACx (Fig. 2) inogona kunge isina mhosva yemhinduro dzakashandurwa dzinotaurwa pano.
Pano, chikamu chikuru cheLPS-yakafumurwa cortical rekodhi yakaratidza zvikumbaridzo zvakakwirira zvichienzaniswa neLPS-sham-yakafumurwa mhuka.Zvichipa kuti zvakarongedzerwa kuti cortical acoustic threshold inonyanya kudzorwa nesimba re thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, inogona kufungidzirwa kuti thalamossured transmission by pre-particular transmission, kana thalamo-cortical synapse. glutamate kusunungurwa) kana postsynaptic level (yakaderedzwa receptor nhamba kana hukama).
Zvakafanana nemigumisiro yeGSM-1800 MHz, LTE-induced altered neuronal responses yakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu eLPS-triggered neuroinflammation, inoratidzirwa ne microglial responses.Uchapupu huripo hunoratidza kuti microglia inobata zvakasimba basa re neuronal networks in normal and pathological brains41,42,43.Their kugadzirwa kwehutano hunogona kubudisa unyanzvi hwekugadzira neurotrans kana kuti hunogona kubudisa unyanzvi hwekugadzira neurotrans. gadzirisa neurotransmission, asiwo pamusoro pepamusoro motility yemaitiro avo emagetsi.Mu cerebral cortex, zvose zvinowedzera uye kuderera kwekuita neuronal network kunokonzera kukurumidza kukurumidza kwe microglial spatial domain nekuda kwekukura kwe microglial process44,45.Kunyanya, microglial protrusions inotorwa pedyo ne activated thalamocortical mechanism kuburikidza ne excitases synapses synapses microglia-mediated local adenosine production.
Mumakonzo akabatwa neLPS akaendeswa kuGSM-1800 MHz neSARACx pa1.55 W/kg, kuderera kwekuita kweACx neurons kwakaitika nekukura kwema microglial maitiro anoratidzwa nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzeIba1-stained mu ACx28 Kuwedzera.Kuona uku kunoratidza kuti microglial remodeling inokonzerwa neGlysm inosimudzira-inosimudzira mutsindo weGlySM inogona kukonzeresa. neuronal responses.Chidzidzo chedu chemazuva ano chinopesana nemafungiro aya mumamiriro ekugadzirisa musoro weLTE neSARACx inogumira ku 0.5 W / kg, sezvatisina kuwana kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yakavharwa ne microglial process.Zvisinei, izvi hazviregi kukanganisa kwechiratidzo cheLTE paLPS-activated microglia, iyo inogonawo kukanganisa zvidzidzo zveurouronal inodiwa kuti ipindure mubvunzo uyu weuronal uye maitiro anodiwa kuti apindure mubvunzo uyu weuronal. neuroinflammation inoshandura neuronal mhinduro kune LTE kusaina.
Kuziva kwedu, mhedzisiro yezviratidzo zveLTE pakugadziriswa kwekunzwa haina kumbodzidzwa.Zvidzidzo zvedu zvekare 26,28 uye chidzidzo chemazuva ano chakaratidza kuti mukumisikidzwa kwekuzvimba kwakanyanya, kuratidzwa kwemusoro wega kuGSM-1800 MHz kana LTE-1800 MHz kwakaguma nekushandurwa kwekushanda mumhinduro neuronal muACx, sezvakaratidzwa nezvikonzero zviviri zvekunzwa hazvifanirwe kukanganiswa nekuwedzera kwekunzwa. neyedu LTE exposure.Chekutanga, sezvakaratidzwa mudosimetry chidzidzo chinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, mazinga epamusoro eSAR (pedyo ne1 W / kg) ari mu dorsomedial cortex (pasi pe antenna), uye anoderera zvakanyanya sezvo mumwe anofamba zvakanyanya mberi uye nechemberi.Iyo ventral chikamu chemusoro. nzeve yenzeve) .Chechipiri, apo nzeve dzenguruve dzakaratidzwa kwemwedzi ye2 paGSM 900 MHz (5 mazuva / vhiki, 1 awa / zuva, SAR pakati pe1 uye 4 W / kg), pakanga pasina kuchinja kunoonekwa muhukuru hwechigadzirwa chekukanganisa otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Audionseur Expomorestem47F Responseur Brainstem 47. 900 kana 1800 MHz panzvimbo yeSAR ye2 W/kg haina kukanganisa cochlear yekunze bvudzi cell function mumakonzo ane hutano level53,54 .
Muchidzidzo chedu, LTE-yakakonzera neuronal firing shanduko yakaonekwa mu vivo 3 kusvika maawa 6 mushure mekuratidzwa kwapera.Muchidzidzo chekare pane dorsomedial chikamu che cortex, migumisiro yakawanda inokonzerwa neGSM-1800 MHz yakaonekwa paawa 24 mushure mekuratidzwa yakanga isingachaonekwi paawa 72 mushure mekuratidzwa. gene uye post-translational modification ye AMPA receptors.Tichifunga kuti cortex yekuongorora ine SAR yakaderera (0.5W / kg) kupfuura dorsomedial region (2.94W / kg26), kuchinja kwekuita neuronal kunoshumwa pano kunoratidzika kuva kwenguva pfupi.
Data yedu inofanira kutarisisa miganhu inokodzera SAR uye fungidziro dzeiyo chaiyo SAR makoshero anowanikwa mucerebral cortex yevashandisi venhare mbozha. Miyero yazvino inoshandiswa kudzivirira veruzhinji inoisa muganho weSAR kusvika pa2 W/kg yenzvimbo yemusoro kana torso kuratidzwa kweredhiyo mu100 GHz ne100 kHz.
Kuedzesera kwedosi kwakaitwa pachishandiswa mhando dzemisoro dzakasiyana dzemunhu kuona kunyura kwesimba reRF mumatishu akasiyana emusoro panguva yekurukurirano yemusoro kana nharembozha. Pamusoro pekusiyana-siyana kwemamodeli emusoro wevanhu, zviyereso izvi zvinoratidzira mutsauko wakakura kana kusagadzikana mukufungidzira simba rinotorwa nehuropi zvichibva paanatomical kana histological parameters senge yekunze kana yemukati yemukati maumbirwo, akasiyana-siyana emusoro wemukati kana yemukati maumbirwo emukati. zvinoenderana nezera, bonde, kana munhu 56,57,58. Uyezve, hunhu hweserura, hwakadai senzvimbo yemukati yeantenna uye chinzvimbo cheserura zvine chekuita nemusoro wemushandisi, zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya nhanho uye kugovera kweSAR kukosha mu cerebral cortex59,60.Zvisinei, tichifunga nezve yakashumwa SAR kugoverwa, iyo yakamiswa maredhiyo efoni mamodhi. frequencies mu 1800 MHz range58, 59, 60, zvinoratidzika kuti mazinga eSAR anowanikwa mumunhu wekuongorora cortex achiri pasi-kushandiswa kwehafu yehupi hwehupi hwehupi.
Mukupedzisa, chidzidzo chedu chinoratidza kuti kuratidzwa kwemusoro mumwechete kuLTE-1800 MHz kunovhiringidza neuronal mhinduro dze cortical neurons kune sensory stimuli.Kuenderana nemaitiro ekare emigumisiro yechiratidzo cheGSM, zvigumisiro zvedu zvinoratidza kuti migumisiro yeLTE inoratidzira pane neuronal basa inosiyana nehutano hwehutano. yakashandurwa cortical processing yeauditory stimuli.
Dhata yakaunganidzwa pamazuva e55 ezera kubva kucerebral cortex ye31 murume mukuru Wistar rats akawanikwa muJanvier laboratory. Makonzo akaiswa mune humidity (50-55%) uye tembiricha (22-24 ° C) inodzorwa nzvimbo ine chiedza / rima kutenderera kwe12 h / 12 h (marambi emahara 30am uye 30am yemahara uye mwenje wemvura wakaitwa. zvinoenderana nemirayiridzo yakagadzwa neKanzuru yeEuropean Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), iyo yakafanana neinotsanangurwa muSosaiti yeNeuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.Iyi protocol yakagamuchirwa neEthics Committee Paris-Sud uye Center (CEEA N ° 59, Project 2014-7020 inoshanda neNational Protocols 2020) inoshanda neNational Protocols 2020. komiti iyi 32-2011 uye 34-2012.
Mhuka dzaigara kumakamuri ekoloni kweinenge 1 vhiki isati yasvika kurapwa kweLPS uye kuratidzwa (kana sham kuratidzwa) kuLTE-EMF.
Makonzo makumi maviri nemaviri akaiswa intraperitoneally (ip) neE. coli LPS (250 µg / kg, serotype 0127: B8, SIGMA) yakasvibiswa ne sterile endotoxin-isina isotonic saline maawa 24 pamberi peLTE kana sham exposure (n neboka). = 11) .Mumwedzi miviri yemakore ekuberekwa kweWistar rats, chirwere ichi cheLPS chinobudisa mhinduro yeurouroinflammatory iyo inoratidzwa mu cerebral cortex nemarudzi akawanda e-pro-inflammatory genes (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) yakagadziriswa-yakagadziriswa 24 maawa mushure me-24 maawa mushure mekuwedzera kweLPS-4. zvinyorwa encoding iyo NOX2 enzyme uye interleukin 1ß, zvichiteerana.Panguva ino ye24-h, cortical microglia yakaratidza yakajairika "dense" cell morphology inotarisirwa neLPS-yakakonzera pro-inflammatory activation yemasero (Figure 1), iyo inopesana neLPS-yakakonzera activation nevamwe. Serura pro-kuzvimba activation inoenderana ne24, 61.
Musoro wepamusoro-chete kuLTE EMF wakaitwa uchishandisa gadziriro yekuedza yakamboshandiswa kuongorora kushanda kweGSM EMF26.LTE kuratidzwa kwakaitwa maawa 24 mushure mejojo yeLPS (mhuka dze11) kana kuti pasina kurapwa kweLPS (mhuka 5) .Mhuka dzakanga dzisina anesthetized ne ketamine / xylazine (ketamine 80 mg / kgp, xylazine 80 mg / kg, xylazine pamberi 80 mg / kg, xylazine 80 mg / kg) kuratidzwa kudzivirira kufamba uye kuve nechokwadi kuti musoro wemhuka wakanga uri muloop antenna inobudisa chiratidzo cheLTE Reproducible nzvimbo iri pasi.Hafu yemakonzo kubva kune imwechete cage yakashanda sekutonga (11 sham-exposed mhuka, kunze kwe22 rats pretreated neLPS): vakaiswa pasi pe loop antenna uye simba reLTE. 0.558, unpaired t-test, ns) Mhuka dzose dzine anesthetized dzakaiswa pane simbi-isina kupisa pad kuchengetedza kupisa kwemuviri wavo kumativi ose 37 ° C munguva yose yekuedza.Sezvakaitwa mukuedza kwekare, nguva yekudzivirira yakarongerwa maawa 2. Mushure mokuonekwa, isa mhuka pane imwe nzvimbo yekupisa muimba yekushanda.The same exposure ye1 hafu yehutano yakashandiswa (PS exposure ye1) nzira yePS untres yakashandiswa. sham-yakafumurwa kubva kune imwechete keji (p = 0.694).
Iyo exposure system yaive yakafanana neiyo masisitimu makumi maviri neshanu, 62 yakatsanangurwa muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura, neredhiyo frequency jenareta yakatsiviwa kuti igadzire LTE pachinzvimbo cheGSM electromagnetic fields. (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), a circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), maviri-nzira coupler (CD D 1824-2, - 30 dB, Sodhy, France) uye nzira ina-nzira simba divider (DC D 0922-0922-0922-4-4A simba simutane , France 4N simba , kubvumira simutane 4N , France , 4N . (N1921A, Agilent, USA) yakabatana kune bidirectional coupler yakabvumira kuenderera mberi kuyerwa uye kutarisa kwechiitiko uye kuratidzwa kwesimba mukati memudziyo.Kubuda kwega kwega kwakabatanidzwa kune loop antenna (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), zvichiita kuti kuratidzwa kwechikamu chemusoro wemhuka.Iyo loop antenna ine mitsara miviri yakadhindwa = 66di yesimbi inodhindwa yakanyorwa pane insulating epoxy substrate.Kune imwe mugumo, mudziyo une 1 mm yakafara waya inogadzira mhete yakaiswa padyo nemusoro wemhuka.Sezvaiitwa muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura26,62, iyo chaiyo yekunyura mwero (SAR) yakatemwa nenhamba uchishandisa nhamba yeranzo modhi uye inogumira mutsauko wenguva domain (FDTD4yrat 653, yakatemerwa nzira653. Muchiitiko ichi, SAR muW / kg inoverengwa uchishandisa fomula: SAR = C ΔT / Δt, apo C ndiyo inopisa simba muJ / (kg K), ΔT, mu ° K uye Δt Kushanduka kweTemperature, nguva mumasekondi. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviyero zvenhamba zveSAR uye zviyero zvakaonekwa zveSAR zvakaonekwa zviri pasi pe30%.
Mufananidzo 2a unoratidza kugoverwa kweSAR muuropi hwegonzo mumuenzaniso wegonzo, iyo inofananidzwa nekugoverwa maererano nehuremu hwemuviri uye ukuru hwemakonzo anoshandiswa muchidzidzo chedu.Brain zvinoreva SAR yaive 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (zvinoreva ± SD) SAR kukosha kwakakwirira munzvimbo ye cortical iri pazasi pe loop SAR antenna.0x AC . 0.08 W / kg (kureva ± SD) (Fig. 2b) .Sezvo uremu hwemuviri wemakonzo akafumurwa ane homogeneous uye kusiyana kwemusoro wetishu kukora hakurevi, iyo chaiyo SAR yeACx kana imwe cortical nzvimbo inotarisirwa kunge yakafanana zvakanyanya pakati pemhuka imwe yakazaruka uye imwe.
Pakupera kwekutsvaga, mhuka dzakawedzerwa nemamwe madhesi e ketamine (20 mg / kg, ip) uye xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) kusvikira pasina kufamba kwereflex kwakaonekwa mushure mekuputira paw.A anesthetic yemunharaunda (Xylocain 2%) yakaiswa jekiseni pasi peganda uye temporalis system inopisa pamusoro pemhuka yeAfterkull yakaiswa pamusoro peafterkull. kuisa mhuka mu stereotaxic frame, craniotomy yakaitwa pamusoro pekuruboshwe temporal cortex.Sezvakaitwa mukudzidza kwedu kwekare66, kutanga kubva pakusangana kweparietal uye temporal mapfupa, kuzarura kwaiva 9 mm yakafara uye 5 mm yakakwirira. The dura pamusoro pe ACx yakanyatsobviswa pasi pebhinocular control pasina kukuvadza nzira yekupedzisira ye acrylic deconstruction midziyo yeropa. simende yekugadzirisa atraumatic yemusoro wemhuka panguva yekurekodha.Isa stereotaxic frame inotsigira mhuka mune acoustic attenuation chamber (IAC, model AC1).
Data yakawanikwa kubva kune akawanda-unit marekodhi muprimary auditory cortex yemakonzo e20, kusanganisira mhuka dze10 pretreated neLPS.Extracellular rekodhi dzakawanikwa kubva kune yakarongwa 16 tungsten electrodes (TDT, ø: 33 µm, <1 MΩ) ine mitsetse miviri ye8000 µmµm µm µm µm µm µm µ electrodes mumutsara mumwe chete).Silver wire (ø: 300 µm) yekugadzika yakaiswa pakati pepfupa renguva uye contralateral dura.Nzvimbo inofungidzirwa yeprimary ACx ndeye 4-7 mm shure kwe bregma uye 3 mm ventral kune supratemporal suture.Chiratidzo chakasvibirira chakawedzerwa ne-multi-td 10,-Td muitiro wakawedzerwa ne-10 Td . data acquisition system (RX5, TDT) . Zviratidzo zvakaunganidzwa kubva kune imwe neimwe electrode zvakasvibiswa (610-10,000 Hz) kuti ibudise maitiro e-multi-unit (MUA) .Trigger mazinga akanyatsogadzirirwa kune imwe neimwe electrode (ne coauthors vakapofumadzwa kuti vaone kana sham-exposed states) kuti vasarudze hukuru hwekuita hunogona kubva kune chiratidzo. yakaumbwa nemaitiro ekuita anogadzirwa ne 3 kusvika ku 6 neuroni pedyo ne electrode.Pakutanga kwekuedza kwega kwega, tinoisa nzvimbo ye electrode array kuitira kuti mitsetse miviri yema electrode masere inogona kuenzanisa neuroni, kubva pasi kusvika kune yakakwirira frequency mhinduro kana ikaitwa mu rostral orientation.
Acoustic stimuli akagadzirwa muMatlab, akatumirwa kune RP2.1 based sound delivery system (TDT) ndokutumirwa kuFostex loudspeaker (FE87E) .Inzwi regudzanzwi rakaiswa masendimita maviri kubva panzeve yekurudyi yegonzo, pachinhambwe gudzanzwi rakaburitsa flat frequency spectrum (± 134dH) kHz.Kugadziridza sipika pachishandiswa ruzha uye toni dzakachena dzakarekodhwa neBruel neKjaer maikorofoni 4133 yakasanganiswa nepreamplifier B&K 2169 uye digital rekodha Marantz PMD671.The Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) yakatemwa pachishandiswa 97 gamma-tone inovhara 4 kH-30, inovhara 4 kH-30. in random order at 75 dB SPL at 4.15 Hz. The Frequency Response Area (FRA) inotarirwa kushandisa imwechete seti yematoni uye inoratidzwa muhurongwa husina kurongeka pa 2 Hz kubva pa75 kusvika ku5 dB SPL. Chimwe nechimwe chinowanikwa kasere panguva imwe neimwe yakasimba.
Mapinduriro ekukurudzira kwechisikigo akaongororwawo.Muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura, takaona kuti kurira kwegonzo hakuwanzo kuunza mhinduro dzakasimba muACx, zvisinei neuronal optimal frequency (BF), nepo xenograft-specific (semuenzaniso, rwiyo rweshiri kana guinea pig vocalizations) kazhinji Iyo toni yese inoedza mapini epini, saka tinoidza kurira kwezwi. (muridzo wakashandiswa muna 36 wakanga wakabatana ne1 s yekukurudzira, yakaratidzwa ka25).
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