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Kuwanda kuri kuramba kuchida kutaurirana nefoni kwakakonzera kuti pave nekubuda kwematekinoroji asina waya (G), ayo anogona kunge aine mhedzisiro yakasiyana pamasisitimu ezvipenyu. Kuti tiedze izvi, takaratidza makonzo kuti anosangana ne4G long-term evolution (LTE)-1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) kwemaawa maviri. Takazoongorora mhedzisiro yelipopolysaccharide-induced acute neuroinflammation pa microglia spatial coverage uye electrophysiological neuronal activity mu primary auditory cortex (ACx). Avhareji yeSAR muACx i0.5 W/kg. Zvinyorwa zvemayuniti akawanda zvinoratidza kuti LTE-EMF inokonzera kudzikira kwekusimba kwemhinduro kumatoni akachena uye manzwi echisikigo, ukuwo kuwedzera kweacoustic threshold yemafrequency akaderera uye epakati. Iba1 immunohistochemistry haina kuratidza shanduko munzvimbo yakafukidzwa ne microglial bodies uye processes. Mumakonzo ane hutano, LTE imwecheteyo haina kukonzera shanduko mukusimba kwemhinduro uye acoustic thresholds. Data redu rinoratidza kuti acute neuroinflammation inonzwa ma neurons kuLTE-EMF, zvichikonzera shanduko mukugadzirisa kwe acoustic stimuli muACx.
Nzvimbo yemagetsi inofambiswa nevanhu yakachinja zvikuru mumakore makumi matatu apfuura nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuita kutaurirana kusina waya. Parizvino, vanhu vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vanoonekwa sevanoshandisa nharembozha (MP). Kupararira kukuru kwetekinoroji iyi kwakakonzera kushushikana nekukurukurirana pamusoro pemigumisiro ine njodzi yepulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) muredhiyo (RF), iyo inoburitswa neMPs kana base stations uye encode communications. Nyaya iyi yehutano hweveruzhinji yakakurudzira zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekuedza zvakatsaurirwa kuferefeta migumisiro yeradiofrequency absorption mu biological tissues1. Zvimwe zvezvidzidzo izvi zvakatsvaga shanduko mu neuronal network activity uye cognitive processes, zvichipiwa kuva pedyo kweuropi neRF sources pasi pekushandiswa kwakawanda kweMP. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakataurwa zvinotarisa mhedzisiro yepulse modulated signals inoshandiswa muchizvarwa chechipiri (2G) global system ye mobile communications (GSM) kana wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2,3,4,5. Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvemhedzisiro yeradio frequency signals inoshandiswa muchizvarwa chechina (4G) mobile services, iyo inovimba ne tekinoroji yeInternet Protocol yedhijitari inonzi tekinoroji yeLong Term Evolution (LTE). Yakatangwa muna 2011, sevhisi yeLTE handset inotarisirwa kusvika kune vanhu vanonyoresa LTE pasi rose vanosvika mabhiriyoni 6.6 muna Ndira 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Kana ichienzaniswa neGSM (2G) neWCDMA (3G) systems zvichibva pane single-carrier modulation schemes, LTE inoshandisa Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) senzira yekutanga yesignali.6. Pasi rose, masevhisi enharembozha eLTE anoshandisa ma frequency bands akasiyana-siyana ari pakati pe450 ne3700 MHz, kusanganisira ma 900 ne1800 MHz bands anoshandiswawo muGSM.
Kugona kweRF kukanganisa maitiro emuviri kunonyanya kutariswa ne specific absorption rate (SAR) inoratidzwa muW/kg, iyo inoyera simba rinopinda munyama yemuviri. Mhedzisiro yekusangana nemusoro kwemaminitsi makumi matatu ne2.573 GHz LTE signals pa global neuronal network activity yakaongororwa munguva pfupi yapfuura muvanhu vane hutano hwakanaka. Uchishandisa fMRI yekuzorora, zvakaonekwa kuti kusangana neLTE kunogona kukonzera kushanduka-shanduka kwefrequency uye shanduko mukubatana kwemukati kana pakati penzvimbo, nepo mazinga eSAR enzvimbo aipfuura 10 g enyama anofungidzirwa kuti anosiyana pakati pe0.42 ne1.52 W/ kg, zvichienderana nemisoro 7, 8, 9. Kuongorora kweEEG pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekusangana (30 min hurefu, fungidziro yeSAR level ye1.34 W/kg uchishandisa modhi yemusoro wemunhu inomiririra) yakaratidza kudzikira kwesimba respectral uye kubatana kwehemispheric mu alpha ne beta bands. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvidzidzo zviviri zvakavakirwa pakuongorora kweEEG zvakawana kuti 20 kana 30 maminetsi ekusangana nemusoro weLTE, nemazinga eSAR emunharaunda akanyanya akaiswa pa2 W/kg, haana mhedzisiro inoonekwa11 kana kuti yakaguma nesimba respectral mu alpha band rakaderera, nepo cognition isina kuchinja mukushanda kwakaongororwa neStroop test 12. Misiyano mikuru yakawanikwawo mumhedzisiro yeEEG kana zvidzidzo zvepfungwa zvakanyatsotarisa mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweGSM kana UMTS EMF. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinobva mukusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwenzira uye zviyero zvekuedza, kusanganisira rudzi rwechiratidzo uye modulation, simba rekuratidzwa uye nguva, kana kubva pakusiyana kwevanhu maererano nezera, anatomy, kana murume kana mukadzi.
Kusvika pari zvino, zvidzidzo zvishoma zvemhuka zvakashandiswa kuona kuti kuratidzwa kweLTE signaling kunokanganisa sei mashandiro ehuropi. Zvichangobva kutaurwa kuti kuratidzwa kwemasero embeva ari kukura kubva padanho rekupedzisira re embryonic kusvika pakuyamwisa (30 min/zuva, mazuva mashanu/vhiki, neavhareji yeSAR yemuviri wese ye0.5 kana 1 W/kg) zvakakonzera shanduko mumafambiro emuviri uye chishuwo chekudya mukukura. 14. Kudzokororwa kwemasero emuviri (2 ha pazuva kwemavhiki matanhatu) mumakonzo makuru kwakawanikwa kuchikonzera kushushikana kwe oxidative uye kuderedza amplitude ye vis evoked potentials inowanikwa kubva ku optic nerve, neSAR yepamusoro inofungidzirwa kuva yakaderera se10 mW/kg15.
Pamusoro pekuongorora pamatanho akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mazinga emasero nemamorekuru, mamodheru emakonzo anogona kushandiswa kudzidza mhedzisiro yekusangana neRF panguva yechirwere, sezvaimbotariswa paGSM kana WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF mumamiriro ekuputika kweuropi zvakanyanya. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza mhedzisiro yepfari, zvirwere zveneurodegenerative kana gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Makonzo anobayiwa neLipopolysaccharide (LPS) imhando yekare yemhinduro dzekudzivirira uropi dzinoenderana nezvirwere zvinotapukira zvisina njodzi zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi kana mabhakitiriya anokanganisa ruzhinji rwevanhu gore rega rega. Uku kuzvimba kunotungamira kuchirwere chinodzoreka uye depression behavioral syndrome inoratidzwa nefivha, kurasikirwa nechido chekudya, uye kudzikira kwekudyidzana kwevanhu. MaCNS phagocytes anogaramo akadai se microglia ndiwo masero akakosha ekuita izvi. Kurapa mbeva neLPS kunotanga kushanda kwe microglia inoratidzwa nekuchinja chimiro chadzo uye maitiro emasero uye shanduko huru mu transcriptome profile, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwemajini anochengetedza cytokines kana ma enzymes anokonzera kuzvimba, ayo anokanganisa neuronal networks Activities 22, 23, 24.
Tichidzidza mhedzisiro yekusangana neGSM-1800 MHz EMF kamwe chete mumakonzo akarapwa neLPS, takaona kuti GSM signaling inokonzera mhinduro dzemasero mu cerebral cortex, zvichikanganisa kutaura kwemajini, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing uye morphology ye microglia mu cerebral cortex. Mhedzisiro iyi haina kuonekwa mumakonzo ane hutano akagamuchira kusangana kwakafanana neGSM, zvichiratidza kuti LPS-inokonzera neuroinflammatory state inonzwa masero eCNS kuGSM signaling. Tichitarisa pa auditory cortex (ACx) yemakonzo akarapwa neLPS, uko SAR yemuno yaive neavhareji ye1.55 W/kg, takaona kuti kusangana neGSM kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwehurefu kana branchial processes uye kudzikira kwemhinduro dze neuronal dzinomutswa nematoni akachena uye .Natural Stimulation 28.
Muchidzidzo chazvino, takanga tichida kuongorora kana kuratidzwa kwezviratidzo zveLTE-1800 MHz mumusoro chete kunogonawo kuchinja chimiro che microglial uye mashandiro e neuronal mu ACx, zvichideredza simba rekuratidzwa nezvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu. Tinoratidza pano kuti kuratidzwa kweLTE hakuna kukanganisa maitiro e microglial asi kwakakonzera kudzikira kukuru kwekushanda kwe cortical kunobuda neruzha mu ACx yemakonzo akarapwa neLPS ane SAR value ye0.5 W/kg.
Tichifunga nezvehumbowo hwekare hwekuti kusangana neGSM-1800 MHz kwakachinja chimiro che microglial pasi pemamiriro ekudzivirira kuzvimba, takaongorora mhedzisiro iyi mushure mekusangana neLTE signaling.
Makonzo makuru akabayiwa jekiseni reLPS maawa makumi maviri nemana asati abatwa nepfungwa yekunyepa mumusoro chete kana kuti asati abatwa neLTE-1800 MHz. Paakabatwa nepfungwa yekunyepa, mhinduro dzeuropi dzinokonzereswa neLPS dzakaonekwa mu cerebral cortex, sezvakaratidzwa nekuwedzera kwemajini ekunyepa uye shanduko mu cortical microglia morphology (Mufananidzo 1). Simba rinoburitswa nemusoro weLTE rakaiswa kuti riwane avhareji yeSAR level ye0.5 W/kg mu ACx (Mufananidzo 2). Kuti tione kana LPS-activated microglia yaipindura kuLTE EMF, takaongorora zvikamu zve cortical zvakasvibiswa ne anti-Iba1 zvaisarudza kunyora mazita emasero aya. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3a, muzvikamu zve ACx zvakagadziriswa maawa matatu kusvika mana mushure mekubatwa nepfungwa yekunyepa kana LTE, microglia yaitaridzika yakafanana zvinoshamisa, ichiratidza "dense-like" morphology yemasero inokonzereswa neLPS pro-inflammatory treatment (Mufananidzo 1). Zvichienderana nekushaikwa kwemhinduro dzemuviri, quantitative image analysis yakaratidza kuti hapana musiyano mukuru munzvimbo yese (unpaired t-test, p = 0.308) kana nzvimbo (p = 0.196) uye huwandu hwevanhu (p = 0.061) hweIba1 immunoreactivity kana tichienzanisa kusangana neIba 1-stained cell bodies mumakonzo eLTE zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzakafumurwa nenhema (Mufananidzo 3b-d).
Mhedzisiro yejekiseni reLPS ip pachimiro che cortical microglia. Chiratidzo chinomiririra microglia muchikamu che coronal che cerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekubayiwa kweLPS kana mota mukati me peritoneal (control). Masero akaiswa mavara e anti-Iba1 antibody sezvakatsanangurwa kare. Kurapa kweLPS kunodzivirira kuzvimba kwakakonzera shanduko muchimiro che microglia, kusanganisira kukora kweproximal uye kuwedzera matavi mapfupi echipiri emaitiro emasero, zvichikonzera chitarisiko "chakaita se" dense.Scale bar: 20 µm.
Kuongororwa kweDosimetric kwe specific absorption rate (SAR) muuropi hwemakonzo panguva yekusangana ne1800 MHz LTE. Muenzaniso wakambotsanangurwa we phantom rat ne loop antenna62 wakashandiswa kuongorora SAR yemuno muuropi, ne 0.5 mm3 cubic grid.(a) Kuonekwa kwepasi rose kwemuenzaniso wegonzo munzvimbo yekusangana ne loop antenna pamusoro pemusoro uye metallic thermal pad (yero) pasi pemuviri.(b) Kugoverwa kweSAR values ​​​​muuropi hwemunhu mukuru pa 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution. Nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa ne black outline muchikamu che sagittal inoenderana ne primary auditory cortex uko microglial uye neuronal activity inoongororwa. Chiyero che SAR chakanyorwa nemavara chinoshanda kune ese ma simulation enhamba anoratidzwa mumufananidzo.
Microglia yakapinzwa muLPS mu rat auditory cortex mushure mekusangana neLTE kana Sham.(a) Chiratidzo chinomiririra che microglia yakasanganiswa ne anti-Iba1 antibody muzvikamu zve coronal zveLPS-perfused rat auditory cortex maawa 3 kusvika 4 mushure mekusangana neSham kana LTE (exposure).Scale bar: 20 µm.(bd) Morphometric assessment ye microglia maawa 3 kusvika 4 mushure mekusangana nesham (open dots) kana LTE (exposure, black dots).(b, c) Spatial coverage (b) ye microglia marker Iba1 nenzvimbo dze Iba1-positive cell bodies (c).Data rinomiririra anti-Iba1 staining area yakajairika kusvika kune avhareji kubva kumhuka dzakasangana neSham.(d) Kuverengwa kwe anti-Iba1-stained microglial cell bodies.Musiyano pakati pemhuka dzeSham (n = 5) neLTE (n = 6) hauna kukosha (p > 0.05, unpaired t-test).Pamusoro nepazasi pebhokisi, mitsetse yepamusoro neyapasi inomiririra Chikamu che25-75 muzana uye chikamu che5-95 muzana, zvichiteerana. Avhareji yehuwandu yakanyorwa netsvuku mubhokisi.
Tafura 1 inopfupikisa nhamba dzemhuka uye zvinyorwa zvemayuniti akawanda zvakawanikwa mu cortex yekutanga yekunzwa yemapoka mana emakonzo (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). Mumhedzisiro iri pazasi, tinosanganisira zvese zvinyorwa zvinoratidza munda wekugamuchira we spectral temporal (STRF), kureva, mhinduro dzakaburitswa ne toni dzinenge 6 standard deviations dzakakwira kupfuura ma spontaneous firing rates (ona Tafura 1). Tichishandisa iyi criteria, takasarudza zvinyorwa 266 zveboka reSham, zvinyorwa 273 zveboka reExposed, zvinyorwa 299 zveboka reSham-LPS, uye zvinyorwa 295 zveboka reExposed-LPS.
Mundima dzinotevera, tichatanga tatsanangura maparamita akatorwa kubva kumunda wekugamuchira spectral-temporal (ndiko kuti, mhinduro kumatoni akachena) uye mhinduro kumanzwi chaiwo e xenogeneic. Tichazotsanangura huwandu hwenzvimbo yemhinduro yefrequency yakawanikwa yeboka rega rega. Tichifunga nezvekuvapo kwe "nested data"30 mukugadzira kwedu kwekuyedza, ongororo dzese dzehuwandu dzakaitwa zvichibva pahuwandu hwenzvimbo dziri mu electrode array (mutsara wekupedzisira muTable 1), asi mhedzisiro dzese dzakatsanangurwa pazasi dzaivewo dzakavakirwa pahuwandu hwenzvimbo dziri muboka rega rega. Huwandu hwese hwemarekodhi e multiunit akaunganidzwa (mutsara wechitatu muTable 1).
Mufananidzo 4a unoratidza kugoverwa kwakanaka kwazvo kwefrequency (BF, zvichikonzera mhinduro yepamusoro pa75 dB SPL) yema cortical neurons akawanikwa muLPS-treated Sham nemhuka dzakaratidzwa. Frequency range yeBF mumapoka ese ari maviri yakawedzerwa kubva pa1 kHz kusvika pa36 kHz. Ongororo yehuwandu yakaratidza kuti kugoverwa uku kwakafanana (chi-square, p = 0.278), zvichiratidza kuti kuenzanisa pakati pemapoka maviri aya kunogona kuitwa pasina kusarura kwesampuru.
Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho akayerwa emhinduro dze cortical mumhuka dzakarapwa neLPS.(a) Kugoverwa kweBF mu cortical neurons yemhuka dzakarapwa neLPS dzakaratidzwa kuLTE (nhema) uye sham-exposed kuLTE (chena).Hapana musiyano pakati pekugoverwa kuviri uku.(bf) Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho ekuenzanisa spectral temporal receptive field (STRF). Simba remhinduro rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya (*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test) muSTRF (total response strength) uye optimal frequency (b,c). Nguva yekupindura, response bandwidth, uye bandwidth constant (df). Zvese simba uye kuvimbika kwenguva pfupi kwemhinduro kumanzwi zvakaderedzwa (g, h). Kuita kwega hakuna kuderedzwa zvakanyanya (i).(*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test).(j,k) Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho e cortical. Avhareji yemiganhu yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya mumakonzo akaoneswa neLTE zvichienzaniswa nemakonzo akaoneswa nesham. Mhedzisiro iyi inonyanya kuoneka mumafrequency akaderera nepakati.
Mifananidzo 4b-f inoratidza kugoverwa kwema parameter anobva kuSTRF yemhuka idzi (nzira inoratidzwa nemitsetse mitsvuku). Mhedzisiro yekusangana neLTE pamhuka dzakarapwa neLPS yakaratidza kunge inoratidza kudzikira kwekufara kwetsinga dzeropa. Chekutanga, simba rekupindura rese uye mhinduro dzaive dzakaderera zvakanyanya muBF zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzeSham-LPS (Mufananidzo 4b,c unpaired t-test, p = 0.0017; uye p = 0.0445). Saizvozvowo, mhinduro kumanzwi ekutaurirana dzakaderera musimba rekupindura uye kuvimbika kwepakati pekuedza (Mufananidzo 4g,h; unpaired t-test, p = 0.043). Kushanda kwega kwega kwakaderedzwa, asi mhedzisiro iyi yakanga isina kukosha (Mufananidzo 4i; p = 0.0745). Nguva yekupindura, bandwidth yekugadzirisa, uye latency yekupindura hazvina kukanganiswa nekusangana neLTE mumhuka dzakarapwa neLPS (Mufananidzo 4d-f), zvichiratidza kuti kusarudza kwema frequency uye kurongeka kwemhinduro dzekutanga hazvina kukanganiswa nekusangana neLTE mumhuka dzakarapwa neLPS.
Takazoongorora kana miganho ye cortical ye tone yakachena yakachinjwa neLTE exposure. Kubva munzvimbo ye frequency response (FRA) yakawanikwa kubva pakurekodha yega yega, takaona miganho yekunzwa ye frequency yega yega uye takayera miganho iyi yemapoka ese emhuka. Mufananidzo 4j unoratidza miganho yepakati (± sem) kubva pa1.1 kusvika 36 kHz mumakonzo akarapwa neLPS. Kuenzanisa miganho yekunzwa yemapoka eSham neExposed kwakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwemiganho mumhuka dzakaratidzwa zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzeSham (Mufananidzo 4j), mhedzisiro yaive yakanyanya kuoneka muma frequency akaderera uye epakati. Zvakanyatsojeka, pama frequency akaderera (< 2.25 kHz), chiyero chema neuron eA1 ane threshold yakakwira chakawedzera, nepo chikamu chema neuron epasi nepakati chakaderera (chi-square = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Mufananidzo 4k, kuruboshwe Mufananidzo) . Mhedzisiro imwechete yakaonekwa pa mid-frequency (2.25 < Freq(kHz) < 11): chikamu chikuru che cortical recordings ine miganho yepakati uye chikamu chidiki chema neuron ane miganho yakaderera zvichienzaniswa neboka risina kuratidzwa (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001; Mufananidzo 4k, pakati pepanera). Paivawo nemusiyano wakakosha mu threshold yema neuron ane frequency yakakwira (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); chikamu chema neuron ane threshold yakaderera uye chikamu che mid-high threshold chakawedzera (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Mufananidzo 4k, kurudyi kwepanera).
Mufananidzo 5a unoratidza kugoverwa kwakanaka kwazvo kwefrequency (BF, zvichikonzera mhinduro yakanyanya pa75 dB SPL) yema cortical neurons anowanikwa mumhuka dzine hutano kune mapoka eSham neExposed. Ongororo yehuwandu yakaratidza kuti kugoverwa kwese uku kwakafanana (chi-square, p = 0.157), zvichiratidza kuti kuenzanisa pakati pemapoka maviri aya kunogona kuitwa pasina kusarura kwesampuru.
Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho akayerwa emhinduro dze cortical mumhuka dzine hutano.(a) Kugoverwa kweBF mu cortical neurons yemhuka dzine hutano dzakaratidzwa kuLTE (bhuruu rakasviba) uye sham-exposed kuLTE (bhuruu rakajeka).Hapana musiyano pakati pekugoverwa kuviri uku.(bf) Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho ekuenzanisa spectral temporal receptive field (STRF).Pakanga pasina shanduko yakakosha musimba remhinduro muSTRF yese uye mafrequency akakodzera (b,c).Pane kuwedzera kudiki kwenguva yekupindura (d), asi hapana shanduko mu response bandwidth uye bandwidth (e, f).Simba kana kuvimbika kwenguva yemhinduro kumanzwi hazvina kuchinja (g, h).Pakanga pasina shanduko yakakosha mukuita kwega (i).(*p < 0.05 unpaired t-test).(j,k) Mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE pamatanho e cortical.Paavhareji, matanho haana kuchinjwa zvakanyanya mumakonzo akaonekwa neLTE zvichienzaniswa nemakonzo akaonekwa neSham, asi matanho e frequency akakwira akanga akaderera zvishoma mumhuka dzakaratidzwa.
Mifananidzo 5b-f inoratidza mabhokisi anomiririra kugoverwa uye avhareji (mutsara mutsvuku) wemaparamita anobva mumaseti maviri eSTRF. Mumhuka dzine hutano, LTE pachayo haina kukanganisa zvakanyanya kukosha kweSTRF parameters. Zvichienzaniswa neboka reSham (mabhokisi ebhuruu akajeka vs erima eboka rakafumurwa), LTE haina kuchinja simba remhinduro kana mhinduro yeBF (Mufananidzo 5b, c; unpaired t-test, p = 0.2176, uye p = 0.8696 zvichiteerana). Pakanga pasinawo mhedzisiro pa spectral bandwidth uye latency (p = 0.6764 uye p = 0.7129, zvichiteerana), asi pakanga paine kuwedzera kukuru kwenguva yekupindura (p = 0.047). Pakanga pasinawo mhedzisiro pasimba remhinduro dzezwi (Mufananidzo 5g, p = 0.4375), kuvimbika kwemhinduro idzi pakati pemiedzo (Mufananidzo 5h, p = 0.3412), uye chiitiko chega (Mufananidzo 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Mufananidzo 5j unoratidza mwero wepakati (± sem) kubva pa1.1 kusvika 36 kHz mumakonzo ane hutano. Hauna kuratidza mutsauko wakakura pakati pemakonzo esham neepachena, kunze kwekunge mwero wakaderera zvishoma mumhuka dzakaonekwa pahuwandu hwepamusoro (11–36 kHz) (unpaired t-test, p = 0.0083). Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza chokwadi chekuti mumhuka dzakaonekwa, mune iyi frequency range (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Mufananidzo 5k), kwaive nema neuron akawanda zvishoma ane mwero wepasi nepakati (kunyangwe mwero wepamusoro) ma neuron mashoma).
Mukupedzisa, mhuka dzine hutano padzakaiswa LTE, pakanga pasina chaiita kuti dzikwanise kupindura manzwi akachena uye ruzha rwakaoma senge manzwi. Uyezve, mumhuka dzine hutano, miganhu yekunzwa kwemoyo yakanga yakafanana pakati pemhuka dzakaiswa pachena nedzenhema, nepo mumhuka dzakarapwa neLPS, miganhu yemoyo yeLTE yakawedzera zvakanyanya, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaderera uye dzepakati.
Chidzidzo chedu chakaratidza kuti mumakonzo ehurume makuru anosangana nekuzvimba kwakanyanya kweuropi, kusangana neLTE-1800 MHz neSARACx yemuno ye0.5 W/kg (ona Maitiro) zvakakonzera kudzikira kukuru mukusimba kwemhinduro dzinoburitswa neruzha mukurekodha kwekutanga kwekutaurirana. Kuchinja uku mumabasa eneuronal kwakaitika pasina shanduko inooneka muhukuru hwenzvimbo inofukidzwa nemaitiro e microglial. Mhedzisiro iyi yeLTE pakusimba kwemhinduro dzinoburitswa necortical haina kuonekwa mumakonzo ane hutano. Tichifunga kufanana mukupararira kwakanaka kwema frequency pakati pemayuniti ekurekodha mumhuka dzinoburitswa neLTE nedzinoburitswa nesham, mutsauko mu neuronal reactivity unogona kukonzerwa nemhedzisiro ye biological yeLTE signals pane sampling bias (Mufananidzo 4a). Uyezve, kusavapo kwekuchinja mu response latency uye spectral tuning bandwidth mumakonzo anoburitswa neLTE zvinoratidza kuti, zvingangodaro, zvinyorwa izvi zvakatorwa kubva kuma cortical layers akafanana, ari mu primary ACx kwete munzvimbo dzechipiri.
Sekuziva kwedu, mhedzisiro yeLTE signaling pamhinduro dze neuronal haina kumbotaurwa kare. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kugona kweGSM-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) kuchinja kugadzikana kwe neuronal, kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakura zvichienderana nenzira yekuyedza. Nguva pfupi mushure mekusangana ne1800 MHz CW paSAR level ye8.2 W/Kg, zvinyorwa kubva ku snail ganglia zvakaratidza kudzikira kwemiganhu yekukonzera action potentials uye neuronal modulation. Kune rumwe rutivi, spiking uye burst activity mu primary neuronal cultures zvinobva muuropi hwemakonzo zvakaderedzwa nekusangana neGSM-1800 MHz kana 1800 MHz CW kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu paSAR ye4.6 W/kg. Kudziviswa uku kwakangodzoserwa zvishoma mukati memaminitsi makumi matatu ekusangana. Kunyaradzwa kwakakwana kwema neuron kwakawanikwa paSAR ye9.2 W/kg. Ongororo yedosi-mhinduro yakaratidza kuti GSM-1800 MHz yaishanda kupfuura 1800 MHz CW mu kudzvinyirira kuputika kwemasero, zvichiratidza kuti mhinduro dzetsinga dzinoenderana nekuchinja kwechiratidzo cheRF.
Mumamiriro edu ezvinhu, mhinduro dzakabuda muuropi dzakaunganidzwa mu vivo maawa matatu kusvika matanhatu mushure mekunge hutachiona hwemaawa maviri chete hwapera. Muchidzidzo chekare, takaongorora mhedzisiro yeGSM-1800 MHz paSARACx ye1.55 W/kg uye hatina kuwana mhedzisiro yakakosha pamhinduro dzeuropi dzakabuda muuropi mumakonzo ane hutano. Pano, mhedzisiro yakakosha chete inobuda muuropi mumakonzo ane hutano nekusangana neLTE-1800 pa0.5 W/kg SARACx yaive kuwedzera kudiki kwenguva yekupindura pakuratidzwa kwematoni akachena. Mhedzisiro iyi yakaoma kutsanangura nekuti haiperekedzwi nekuwedzera kwesimba rekupindura, zvichiratidza kuti nguva iyi yakareba yekupindura inoitika nehuwandu hwakaenzana hwesimba rekuita rinopfurwa nema neurons europi. Imwe tsananguro ingave yekuti hutachiona hweLTE hunogona kuderedza kushanda kwemamwe ma interneurons anodzivisa, sezvazvakanyorwa kuti mu primary ACx feedforward inhibition inodzora nguva yemhinduro dze pyramidal cell dzinokonzereswa ne excitatory thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Kusiyana neizvi, mumakonzo akabatwa neLPS-activated neuroinflammation, LTE haina kukanganisa nguva yekupfura kweneuronal kunobuda neruzha, asi mhedzisiro yakakosha yakaonekwa pasimba remhinduro dzinobuda. Kutaura zvazviri, zvichienzaniswa nemhinduro dzeneuronal dzakanyorwa mumakonzo akabatwa neLPS-sham, ma neuron mumakonzo akarapwa neLPS akabatwa neLTE akaratidza kudzikira kwekusimba kwemhinduro dzawo, mhedzisiro yakaonekwa pakuratidza manzwi akachena uye manzwi echisikigo. Kudzikira kwekusimba kwemhinduro kumanzwi akachena kwakaitika pasina kudzikira kwe spectral tuning bandwidth ye75 dB, uye sezvo yakaitika pakurira kweruzha, zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwe acoustic thresholds dze cortical neurons pama frequency akaderera uye epakati.
Kudzikira kwesimba remhinduro rinokonzereswa kwakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yeLTE signaling paSARACx ye0.5 W/kg mumhuka dzakarapwa neLPS yakafanana neyeGSM-1800 MHz inoshandiswa paSARACx yakapetwa katatu (1.55 W/kg) 28. NezveGSM signaling, kuratidzwa kwemusoro kuLTE-1800 MHz kunogona kuderedza kufadza kwetsinga dzemutsinga mumasero eACx emutsinga dzakabatwa neLPS-acggered neuroinflammation. Zvichienderana nefungidziro iyi, takaonawo mafambiro ekuderedza kuvimbika kwemhinduro dzetsinga dzemutsinga pakutaura (Mufananidzo 4h) uye kudzikira kwekuita kwega (Mufananidzo 4i). Zvisinei, zvave zvakaoma kuona kana LTE signaling inoderedza kufadza kwetsinga dzemutsinga dzemutsinga dzemutsinga kana kuderedza kupinda kwesynaptic, nokudaro ichidzora mhinduro dzetsinga dzemutsinga muACx.
Chekutanga, mhinduro idzi dzisina kusimba dzinogona kunge dziri nekuda kwekuderera kwekufara kwemasero e cortical mushure mekusangana neLTE 1800 MHz. Tichitsigira pfungwa iyi, GSM-1800 MHz uye 1800 MHz-CW zvakaderedza kushanda kwekuputika kana zvikashandiswa zvakananga kumatunhu ekutanga ema neuron e cortical rat ane SAR levels ye3.2 W/kg uye 4.6 W/kg, zvichiteerana, asi mwero weSAR waidikanwa kuti kuderedze zvakanyanya kushanda kwekuputika. Tichitsigira kudzikira kwekufara kwemukati, takaonawo mwero wakaderera wekupfura kwega kwega mumhuka dzakasangana nekuputika kupfuura mhuka dzakasangana ne sham-exposed.
Chechipiri, kuratidzwa kweLTE kunogonawo kukanganisa kutapurirana kwesynaptic kubva kuthalamo-cortical kana cortical-cortical synapses. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvino zvinoratidza kuti, mu auditory cortex, hupamhi hwe spectral tuning hahungoonekwi chete ne afferent thalamic projections, asi kuti intracortical connections inopa mamwe ma spectral input kune cortical sites39,40. Mukuyedza kwedu, chokwadi chekuti cortical STRF yakaratidza bandwidths yakafanana mumhuka dzakafumurwa uye dzakafumurwa zvisina kunanga chakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kweLTE yakanga isiri mhedzisiro pakubatana kwe cortical-cortical. Izvi zvinoratidzawo kuti kubatana kwakanyanya mune dzimwe cortical regions dzakafumurwa paSAR kupfuura zvakayerwa mu ACx (Mufananidzo 2) zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo zvine mhosva yemhinduro dzakachinjwa dzakataurwa pano.
Pano, chikamu chikuru chezvinyorwa zveLPS-exposed cortical zvakaratidza mwero wakakwirira zvichienzaniswa nemhuka dzakasangana neLPS-sham. Zvichienderana nekuti zvakanzi cortical acoustic threshold inonyanya kudzorwa nesimba rethalamo-cortical synapse39,40, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kutapurirana kwethalamo-cortical kunoderedzwa zvishoma nekuratidzwa, kungave presynaptic (reduced glutamate release) kana postsynaptic level (reduced receptor number kana affinity).
Zvakafanana nemhedzisiro yeGSM-1800 MHz, mhinduro dzemitsipa dzakachinjwa dzinokonzereswa neLTE dzakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu eLPS-activated neuroinflammation, inoratidzwa nemhinduro dze microglial. Humbowo huripo hunoratidza kuti microglia inokanganisa zvakanyanya mashandiro e neuronal networks muuropi hwakajairika uye hwe pathological41,42,43. Kugona kwavo kugadzirisa neurotransmission hakungotsamiri pakugadzirwa kwemakemikari avanogadzira anogona kana kuganhurira neurotransmission, asiwo pakufamba kwakanyanya kwemasero avo. Mu cerebral cortex, kuwedzera uye kudzikira kwebasa re neuron networks kunokonzera kukura nekukurumidza kwe microglial spatial domain nekuda kwekukura kwe microglial process44,45. Kunyanya, microglial protrusions dzinounganidzwa pedyo ne activated thalamocortical synapses uye dzinogona kudzivirira mashandiro e excitatory synapses kuburikidza ne mechanisms inosanganisira microglia-mediated local adenosine production.
Mumakonzo akarapwa neLPS akaendeswa kuGSM-1800 MHz neSARACx pa1.55 W/kg, kudzikira kwebasa reACx neurons kwakaitika nekukura kwemaitiro e microglial anoratidzwa nenzvimbo dzakaoma dzeIba1 muACx28 Increase. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kwe microglial kunokonzerwa nekuratidzwa kweGSM kunogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mukuderedzwa kwemhinduro dze neuronal dzinobva kuGSM. Chidzidzo chedu chazvino chinopesana nepfungwa iyi muchimiro chekuratidzwa kwemusoro weLTE neSARACx kwakaganhurirwa ku0.5 W/kg, sezvo tisina kuwana kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yakafukidzwa nemaitiro e microglial. Zvisinei, izvi hazvibvisi chero mhedzisiro yeLTE signaling paLPS-activated microglia, iyo inogona kukanganisa mashandiro e neuronal. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuti upindure mubvunzo uyu uye kuona nzira iyo acute neuroinflammation inoshandura mhinduro dze neuronal kuLTE signaling.
Sekuziva kwedu, mhedzisiro yezviratidzo zveLTE pakugadzirisa kwekunzwa haina kumbodzidzwa kare. Zvidzidzo zvedu zvekare 26,28 uye chidzidzo chazvino zvakaratidza kuti mumamiriro ekuzvimba kwakanyanya, kuratidzwa kwemusoro wega kuGSM-1800 MHz kana LTE-1800 MHz kwakakonzera shanduko dzekushanda mumhinduro dzetsinga muACx, sezvakaratidzwa nekuwedzera kwemuganho wekunzwa. Nezvikonzero zvikuru zviviri, basa recochlear harifanirwe kukanganiswa nekuratidzwa kwedu kweLTE. Chekutanga, sezvakaratidzwa muchidzidzo chedosimetry chakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, mwero wepamusoro weSAR (pedyo ne1 W/kg) uri mudorsomedial cortex (pasi peantenna), uye unodzikira zvakanyanya kana munhu achifamba zvakanyanya kudivi uye kudivi. Chikamu chemukati chemusoro. Chinogona kufungidzirwa kuti chingangoita 0.1 W/kg padanho re rat pinna (pasi penzira yenzeve). Chechipiri, apo nzeve dzenguruve dzeguinea dzakaratidzwa kwemwedzi miviri paGSM 900 MHz (mazuva mashanu/vhiki, awa imwe/zuva, SAR pakati pe1 ne4 W/kg), pakanga pasina shanduko dzinoonekwa muhukuru hwechinhu chakakanganiswa chinonzi otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory Brainstem Responses 47. Uyezve, kuratidzwa musoro kakawanda kuGSM 900 kana 1800 MHz paSAR ye2 W/kg hakuna kukanganisa mashandiro emasero ebvudzi rekunze recochlear mumakonzo ane hutano48,49. Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana nedata rakawanikwa muvanhu, uko kuferefeta kwakaratidza kuti kuratidzwa kwemaminetsi gumi kusvika makumi matatu kuEMF kubva kumafoni eGSM hakuna mhedzisiro inogara iripo pakugadzirisa nzeve sezvakaongororwa pa cochlear50,51,52​​kana brainstem level53,54.
Muchidzidzo chedu, shanduko dzeLTE-activated neuronal firing dzakaonekwa mu vivo maawa matatu kusvika matanhatu mushure mekunge dzapera. Muchidzidzo chekare pane chikamu chedorsomedial checortex, mhedzisiro yakati wandei inokonzerwa neGSM-1800 MHz yakaonekwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekunge dzabuda yakanga isingachaonekwe maawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekunge dzabuda. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika nekuwedzera kwemaitiro e microglial, kudzikiswa kwejini reIL-1ß uye kugadziriswa kwe AMPA receptors mushure mekushandurwa. Tichifunga kuti auditory cortex ine SAR yakaderera (0.5W/kg) pane dorsomedial region (2.94W/kg26), shanduko mumabasa e neuron dzakataurwa pano dzinoita sedzinononoka.
Ruzivo rwedu runofanira kufunga nezvemiganhu yeSAR inokodzera uye fungidziro yehuwandu hweSAR chaihwo hwakawanikwa mu cerebral cortex yevanoshandisa nharembozha. Mitemo iripo inoshandiswa kuchengetedza veruzhinji inoisa muganho weSAR kusvika 2 W/kg yekuratidzwa kwemusoro kana dumbu remunhu kumawande eredhiyo ari pa100 kHz uye 6 GHz RF range.
Kutevedzera dose kwakaitwa uchishandisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemusoro wemunhu kuti uone kutorwa kwesimba reRF mumatishu akasiyana emusoro panguva yekutaurirana kwemusoro kana nharembozha. Pamusoro pekusiyana kwemhando dzemusoro wemunhu, kutevedzera uku kunoratidza mutsauko mukuru kana kusava nechokwadi mukufungidzira simba rinotorwa neuropi zvichibva pamatanho emuviri kana ehistological akadai sechimiro chekunze kana chemukati chedehenya, ukobvu, kana huwandu hwemvura. Matavi akasiyana emusoro anosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nezera, murume kana mukadzi, kana munhu mumwe nemumwe 56,57,58. Uyezve, hunhu hwefoni, senge nzvimbo yemukati yeantenna nenzvimbo yefoni kana tichienzanisa nemusoro wemushandisi, zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya mwero nekupararira kweSAR values ​​​​mu cerebral cortex59,60. Zvisinei, tichifunga nezvekugoverwa kweSAR kwakataurwa mu cerebral cortex yemunhu, iyo yakasimbiswa kubva kumamodeli efoni anoburitsa maredhiyo muma frequency e1800 MHz58, 59, 60, zvinoita sekunge mazinga eSAR akawanikwa mu cortex yemunhu yekunzwa achiri kushandiswa zvishoma hafu ye cortex yemunhu yeuropi. Chidzidzo chedu (SARACx 0.5 W/kg). Saka, data redu haripikise miganhu iripo yeSAR inoshanda kune veruzhinji.
Mukupedzisa, chidzidzo chedu chinoratidza kuti kuratidzwa kamwe chete mumusoro neLTE-1800 MHz kunokanganisa mhinduro dzemitsipa ye ...
Data rakaunganidzwa pazera remazuva makumi mashanu nemashanu kubva muuropi hwemakonzo echirume makumi matatu nerimwe eWistar akawanikwa murabhoritari yeJanvier. Makonzo akachengetwa munzvimbo ine hunyoro (50-55%) uye tembiricha (22-24 °C) ine chiedza/rima remaawa gumi nemaviri / maawa gumi nemaviri (mwenje yakabatidzwa na7:30am) uye mukana wekuwana chikafu nemvura wakasununguka. Kuedza kwese kwakaitwa zvichienderana nemirairo yakagadzwa neCouncil of the European Communities Directive (2010/63 / EU Council Directive), iyo yakafanana neyakatsanangurwa muSociety for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research. Iyi protocol yakatenderwa neEthics Committee Paris-Sud and Center (CEEA N°59, Project 2014-25, National Protocol 03729.02) uchishandisa nzira dzakasimbiswa nekomiti iyi 32-2011 na34-2012.
Mhuka dzakagara mumakamuri emakoloni kweinenge vhiki imwe chete dzisati dzarapwa neLPS uye dzisati dzasangana neLTE-EMF (kana kuti dzisasangana neLTE-EMF).
Makonzo makumi maviri nemaviri akabaiwa jekiseni mukati medumbu (ip) neE. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) yakasanganiswa ne sterile endotoxin-free isotonic saline maawa makumi maviri nemana LTE isati yasvika kana kusangana ne sham exposure (n paboka rega rega). = 11).Mumakonzo emurume eWistar ane mwedzi miviri, kurapwa uku kweLPS kunogadzira mhinduro yekuzvimba kwetsinga inoonekwa mu cerebral cortex nemajini akati wandei anokonzera kuzvimba (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) akawedzerwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekubayiwa kweLPS, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwakapetwa ka4 neka12 muhuwandu hwezvinyorwa zvinonyora NOX2 enzyme uye interleukin 1ß, zvichiteerana. Panguva iyi yemaawa makumi maviri nemana, cortical microglia yakaratidza chimiro chemasero "chakanyanya" chinotarisirwa neLPS-triggered pro-inflammatory activation yemasero (Mufananidzo 1), izvo zvinopesana neLPS-triggered activation nevamwe. Cellular pro-inflammatory activation inoenderana ne24, 61.
Kusangana neLTE EMF mumusoro chete kwakaitwa uchishandisa nzira yekuyedza yaimboshandiswa kuongorora mashandiro eGSM EMF26. Kusangana neLTE kwakaitwa maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekubayiwa jekiseni reLPS (mhuka gumi nerimwe) kana kusabatwa neLPS (mhuka shanu). Mhuka dzakaiswa mushonga wekuti dzisafambe zvishoma neketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, ip; xylazine 10 mg/kg, ip) dzisati dzabatwa kudzivirira kufamba uye kuona kuti musoro wemhuka waive mu antenna ye loop ichiburitsa chiratidzo cheLTE. Nzvimbo inogona kudzokororwa iri pazasi. Hafu yemakonzo kubva mukeji imwe chete akashanda sevanotonga (mhuka gumi nerimwe dzakabatwa nesham, kubva pamakonzo makumi maviri nemaviri akarapwa kare neLPS): akaiswa pasi pe antenna ye loop uye simba rechiratidzo cheLTE rakaiswa pa zero. Huremu hwemhuka dzakabatwa nesham hwakanga hwakafanana (p = 0.558, t-test isina kupatsanurwa, ns). Mhuka dzese dzakabatwa nesham dzakaiswa pa heating pad isina simbi kuti dzichengetedze tembiricha yemuviri wadzo inenge 37°C mukati mekuyedza. Sezvo Mukuyedza kwakapfuura, nguva yekuonekwa kwacho yakaiswa kumaawa maviri. Mushure mekuonekwa kwacho, isa mhuka pane imwe nzvimbo yekudziisa mukamuri rekuvhiyira. Maitiro akafanana ekuonekwa kwacho akashandiswa pamakonzo gumi ane hutano (asina kurapwa neLPS), hafu yawo akange aonekwa kubva mukeji imwe chete (p = 0.694).
Sisitimu yekuburitsa magetsi yakanga yakafanana nesystem 25, 62 dzakatsanangurwa muzvidzidzo zvekare, nejenareta rema frequency eredhiyo yakatsiviwa kuti igadzire LTE panzvimbo peGSM electromagnetic fields. Muchidimbu, jenareta reRF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) rinoburitsa LTE - 1800 MHz electromagnetic field rakabatanidzwa kune power amplifier (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), two-way coupler (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, France) uye four-way power divider (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, France), zvichibvumira Expose panguva imwe chete mhuka ina. Power meter (N1921A, Agilent, USA) yakabatana kune bidirectional coupler yaibvumira kuyera nekutarisa chiitiko uye simba rairatidzwa mukati memudziyo. Output yega yega yakabatana ne loop antenna (Sama-Sistemi). srl; Roma), zvichiita kuti musoro wemhuka uve pachena zvishoma. Antena ye loop ine circuit yakadhindwa ine mitsetse miviri yesimbi (dielectric constant εr = 4.6) yakanyorwa pa epoxy substrate inochengetedza simba. Pamugumo mumwe, mudziyo une waya yakafara 1 mm inoita rin'i yakaiswa pedyo nemusoro wemhuka. Sezvakaitika muzvidzidzo zvekare26,62, chiyero chekunyudzwa kweropa (SAR) chakaongororwa nenhamba uchishandisa modhi yemakonzo enhamba uye nzira ye finite difference time domain (FDTD)63,64,65. Zvakaongororwawo nekuyedza mu modhi yemakonzo enhamba uchishandisa Luxtron probes kuyera kukwira kwetembiricha. Muchiitiko ichi, SAR muW/kg inoverengwa uchishandisa fomura: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, apo C iri simba rekupisa muJ/(kg K), ΔT, mu °K uye Δt Kuchinja kwetembiricha, nguva mumasekonzi. SAR dzakatsanangurwa nenhamba dzakaenzaniswa neSAR dzakawanikwa uchishandisa modhi yehomogeneous, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaenzana dzeuropi hwemakonzo. Musiyano uripo pakati pekuyerwa kweSAR yenhamba ne SAR values ​​​​dzakawanikwa nekuyedza dziri pasi pe30%.
Mufananidzo 2a unoratidza kugoverwa kweSAR muuropi hwemakonzo mumuenzaniso wemakonzo, izvo zvinoenderana nekugoverwa maererano nehuremu hwemuviri uye saizi yemakonzo anoshandiswa muchidzidzo chedu. Avhareji yeSAR yeuropi yaive 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (avhareji ± SD). SAR kukosha ndeyepamusoro munzvimbo yecortical iri pasi pe antenna ye loop. SAR yemuno mu ACx (SARACx) yaive 0.50 ± 0.08 W/kg (avhareji ± SD) (Mufananidzo 2b). Sezvo huremu hwemuviri wemakonzo akaonekwa hwakafanana uye mutsauko muhukobvu hwemusoro hauna kukosha, SAR chaiyo yeACx kana dzimwe nzvimbo dzecortical inotarisirwa kunge yakafanana pakati pemhuka imwe yakaonekwa neimwe.
Pakupera kwekuratidzwa, mhuka dzakawedzerwa madosi ekuwedzera eketamine (20 mg/kg, ip) uye xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) kusvika pasina kufamba kwe reflex kwakaonekwa mushure mekudzvanya tsoka yemusana. Anesthetic yemuno (Xylocain 2%) yakabayiwa pasi peganda netsandanyama ye temporalis pamusoro pedehenya, uye mhuka dzakaiswa pasystem yekupisa isina simbi. Mushure mekuisa mhuka mu stereotaxic frame, craniotomy yakaitwa pamusoro pe left temporal cortex. Sezvakaitika muongororo yedu yapfuura66, kutanga kubva panosangana mapfupa eparietal nee temporal, gomba raive 9 mm yakafara uye 5 mm yakakwirira. Dura iri pamusoro peACx rakabviswa nokungwarira pasi pe binocular control pasina kukuvadza mitsipa yeropa. Pakupera kwemaitiro, hwaro hwakavakwa nesimende yemazino yeacrylic yekusimbisa musoro wemhuka panguva yekurekodha. Isa frame ye stereotaxic inotsigira mhuka mukamuri re acoustic attenuation (IAC, model AC1).
Data rakawanikwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvemayuniti akawanda mu cortex yekutanga yekunzwa yemakonzo makumi maviri, kusanganisira mhuka gumi dzakarapwa kare neLPS. Zvinyorwa zvekunze kwemasero zvakatorwa kubva mumhando ye 16 tungsten electrodes (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) ine mitsara miviri yema electrodes masere akaparadzaniswa ne 1000 µm (350 µm pakati pema electrodes ari mumutsara mumwe chete). Waya yesirivha (ø: 300 µm) yekudzika yakaiswa pakati pepfupa repanguva uye dura repadivi. Nzvimbo inofungidzirwa ye primary ACx iri 4-7 mm kumashure kwebregma uye 3 mm ventral kune supratemporal suture. Chiratidzo chisina kujeka chakawedzerwa ka10,000 (TDT Medusa) uye chobva chagadziriswa ne multi-channel data acquisition system (RX5, TDT). Zviratidzo zvakaunganidzwa kubva ku electrode yega yega zvakasefetwa (610–10,000 Hz) kuti zvibudise basa re multi-unit. (MUA). Mazinga etrigger akaiswa nokungwarira kune electrode yega yega (nevanyori vakapofumadzwa nemamiriro akafumurwa kana kuti akafumurwa nenhema) kuti vasarudze simba guru rekuita kubva pachiratidzo. Kuongororwa kwema waveforms paindaneti uye kunze kweindaneti kwakaratidza kuti MUA yakaunganidzwa pano yaive nema action potentials akagadzirwa nema neuron matatu kusvika matanhatu pedyo nema electrodes. Pakutanga kwekuyedza kwega kwega, takaisa nzvimbo ye electrode array kuitira kuti mitsara miviri yema electrodes masere ikwanise kuyera ma neuron, kubva pamhinduro dzepasi kusvika pa high frequency painoitwa mu rostral orientation.
Zvinokurudzira ruzha zvakagadzirwa muMatlab, zvikaendeswa kune RP2.1 based sound delivery system (TDT) ndokutumirwa kune Fostex loudspeaker (FE87E). Loudspeaker yakaiswa 2 cm kubva kunzeve yekurudyi yegonzo, uye padaro iro loudspeaker yakaburitsa flat frequency spectrum (± 3 dB) pakati pe140 Hz ne36 kHz. Kuongororwa kwe loudspeaker kwakaitwa uchishandisa ruzha uye matoni akachena akarekodhwa neBruel neKjaer microphone 4133 zvakabatana ne preamplifier B&K 2169 uye digital recorder Marantz PMD671. Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) yakaongororwa uchishandisa 97 gamma-tone frequency, ichifukidza 8 (0.14–36 kHz) octaves, dzakaratidzwa nenzira isina kurongeka pa75 dB SPL pa4.15 Hz. Frequency Response Area (FRA) inoongororwa uchishandisa seti imwe chete yematoni uye dzakaratidzwa nenzira isina kurongeka pa2 Hz kubva pa75 kusvika 5 dB SPL. Frequency yega yega inoonekwa kasere pahuremu hwese.
Mhinduro dzezvinokurudzira zvechisikigo dzakaongororwawo. Muzvidzidzo zvekare, takaona kuti kurira kwemakonzo kashoma kuratidza mhinduro dzakasimba muACx, zvisinei ne neural optimal frequency (BF), nepo xenograft-specific (semuenzaniso, kuimba kweshiri kana Guinea pig) kazhinji ipo pamepu yese yenzwi. Nokudaro, takaedza mhinduro dze cortical kune kurira mu Guinea pigs (muridzo wakashandiswa muna 36 wakabatana ne 1 s yekukurudzira, wakaunzwa ka25).

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