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Vanotungamira nyanzvi muRF dosimetry vanobvisa marwadzo e5G-uye mutsauko uripo pakati pekuratidzwa uye dosi.

Kenneth R. Foster ane makumi emakore eruzivo rwekudzidza nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo (RF) nemigumisiro yayo pazvirongwa zvehupenyu.Iye zvino, akabatanidza tsvakurudzo itsva pamusoro pehurukuro nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vaviri, Marvin Ziskin naQuirino Balzano.Pamwe chete, vatatu vavo (vose vakagadzirirwa IEEE shamwari) vane ruzivo runopfuura makore zana panyaya iyi.
Ongororo iyi, yakaburitswa muInternational Journal yeEnvironment Research uye Public Health muna Kukadzi, yakatarisa makore makumi manomwe neshanu apfuura ekutsvaga muRF exposure assessment uye dosimetry.Mairi, vanyori vanyori vanodonongodza kuti munda wafamba sei uye nei vachizviona sebudiriro yesainzi nyaya.
IEEE Spectrum yakataura kuburikidza neemail neUniversity yePennsylvania purofesa emeritus Foster.Taida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti nei zvidzidzo zvekuongorora zveRF zvichibudirira kudaro, chii chinoita kuti RF dosimetry iome kudai, uye nei kushushikana kweveruzhinji nezvehutano uye nemwaranzi isina waya isingaite senge yapera.
Kune avo vasina kujairana nemusiyano, ndeupi mutsauko uripo pakati pekuratidzwa uye dose?

Kenneth Foster: Muchirevo chekuchengetedzwa kweRF, kuratidzwa kunoreva munda uri kunze kwemuviri, uye dose zvinoreva simba rinotorwa mukati memuviri wemuviri.
"Kuti uongorore zvakanaka tsvakurudzo pamusoro pemigumisiro yehupenyu ye5G, ona [Ken] Karipidis 'chinyorwa, chakawana 'hapana humbowo hunogutsa hwokuti minda yakaderera yeRF pamusoro pe6 GHz, yakadai seyo inoshandiswa ne5G network, inokuvadza kuhutano hwevanhu.' "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Kuyera minda yeRF munzvimbo yakasununguka haisi dambudziko.Dambudziko chairo rinomuka mune dzimwe nguva ndeyekusiyana kwakakura kweRF kuratidzwa.Semuenzaniso, masayendisiti mazhinji ari kuferefeta RF field level mumhoteredzo kuti agadzirise matambudziko ehutano hweveruzhinji.Tichifunga nezve nhamba huru yeRF sources munzvimbo uye nekukurumidza kuparara kweRF field kubva kune chero tsime, izvi hazvisi nyore kutsanangura RF. chinetso chaicho, kunyanya kumasayendisiti mashoma anoedza kuita kudaro.

Pawakanyora nyaya yako yeIJERPH iwe nevamwe vako, chaive chinangwa chenyu kuratidza kubudirira uye matambudziko edosimetric ezvidzidzo zvekuongorora?
Zvakawanda sei zviridzwa munzvimbo idzi?Ungandiudza here kuti ndeapi maturusi aiwanikwa kwauri pakutanga kwebasa rako, semuenzaniso, zvichienzaniswa nezviripo nhasi?Zviridzwa zvakavandudzwa zvinobatsira sei mukubudirira kwekuongorora kuratidzwa?
Foster: Zviridzwa zvinoshandiswa kuyera minda yeRF mune zvehutano nekuchengetedza tsvakurudzo zviri kuita zviduku uye zvakanyanya simba. Ndiani angadai akafunga makumi mashoma emakore apfuura kuti zviridzwa zvekutengesa zvekutengesa zvingave zvakasimba zvakakwana kuti zviunzwe kubasa, zvichikwanisa kuyera minda yeRF yakasimba zvakakwana kukonzera njodzi yebasa, asi inonzwisisa zvakakwana kuyera minda isina simba kubva kune antennas ari kure, kuona chiratidzo chenguva imwe chete?
Chii chinoitika kana tekinoroji isina waya ikapinda mumabhendi matsva-semuenzaniso, mamilimita uye terahertz mafungu enhare, kana 6 GHz yeWi-Fi?
Foster: Zvakare, dambudziko rine chokuita nekuoma kwemamiriro ekutsvaga, kwete iyo instrumentation.Semuyenzaniso, high-band 5G cellular base stations inobudisa matanda akawanda anofamba munzvimbo.Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuenzanisa kuonekwa kune vanhu vari pedyo nenzvimbo dzemasero kuti vaone kuti kuratidzwa kwakachengeteka (sezvavanenge vari nguva dzose).
"Ini pachangu ndiri kushushikana zvakanyanya nekukanganisa kungaita nguva yakawandisa yescreen pakukura kwemwana uye nenyaya dzekuvanzika." – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Kana ongororo yekuongorora iri dambudziko rakagadziriswa, chii chinoita kuti kusvetuka mune chaiyo dosimetry kuome? Chii chinoita kuti yekutanga ive nyore kwazvo pane yekupedzisira?
Foster: Dosimetry inonetsa pane kuongororwa. Iwe haugone kuisa RF probe mumuviri wemunhu. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei ungade ruzivo urwu, sepakurapa hyperthermia pakurapwa kenza, apo nyama inofanirwa kupiswa kusvika pamwero chaiwo wakatarwa. Kupisa kushoma kwazvo uye hakuna rubatsiro rwekurapa, zvakawandisa uye unopisa murwere.
Mungandiudzewo zvimwe nezve maitirwo edosimetry nhasi? Kana usingakwanise kupinza probe mumuviri wemunhu, chii chinotevera chakanaka?
Foster: Zvakanaka kushandisa maRF metres echinyakare kuyera minda mumhepo nezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana.Izvi ndizvo zvazviri nebasa rekuchengetedza basa, paunoda kuyera nzvimbo dzeredhiyo dzinoitika pamiviri yevashandi.Kune hyperthermia yekiriniki, ungangoda tambo kuvarwere vane thermal probes, asi computational dosimetry yakawedzera danho repamusoro uye kuwedzera kwedosimetri yakawedzera chiyero. kufambira mberi kwakakosha mune tekinoroji.Nezvidzidzo zveRF biological effects (somuenzaniso, kushandisa antenna akaiswa pamhuka), zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti simba reRF rinonyudzwa sei mumuviri uye kwarinoenda.Haugone kungozunguza foni yako pamberi pemhuka senzvimbo yekufumura (asi vamwe vaongorori vanoita) dosimetry.
Sei uchifunga kuti kune zvakawanda zvinoramba zvichinetsa pamusoro pemagetsi asina waya zvekuti vanhu vanoyera mazinga kumba?

Foster: Risk perception ibhizimusi rakaoma.Zvinhu zveradio radiation zvinowanzokonzera kunetseka.Iwe haugoni kuzviona, hapana hukama hwakananga pakati pekuratidzwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa vamwe vanhu vanonetseka nazvo, vanhu vanowanzovhiringidza simba redhiyo redhiyo (kwete-ionizing, zvinoreva kuti mapikicha ayo haana simba kuti aputse zvisungo zvemakemikari) neionizing X-rays, etc. Radiation (inotendwa kuti "radiation" inonyatsozivikanwa kune ngozi kune wireless). asingakwanisi kuratidza kunzwisiswa uku muzvidzidzo zvakapofumadzwa uye zvinodzorwa zvakanaka.Vamwe vanhu vanonzwa vachityisidzirwa nehuwandu huzhinji hwema antenna anoshandiswa pakukurukurirana kusina wireless. Zvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvine mishumo yakawanda yehutano hwehutano hwakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza iyo munhu anogona kuwana nyaya inotyisa.Mamwe masayendisiti anotenda kuti zvechokwadi panogona kunge kune dambudziko rehutano (kunyange sangano rehutano rakawana kuti vakanga vasina hanya zvishoma asi vakati" tsvakurudzo yakawanda inoenderera mberi.

Exposure assessments inobata basa mune izvi.Vatengi vanogona kutenga zvisingadhuri asi zvakanyanya sensitive RF detectors uye kuongorora zviratidzo zveRF munzvimbo yavo, iyo yakawanda.Mimwe yemidziyo iyi "tinya" sezvavanoyera mapuruzi eredhiyo kubva kumidziyo yakadai seWi-Fi, uye inonzwika seGeiger counter mu nuclear reactor yenyukireya yepasi rose.Saka ghostimeta inotengeswa pasi rose. application.
Gore rapfuura, British Medical Journal yakaburitsa danidzo yekumisa kutumirwa kwe5G kudzamara kuchengetedzeka kwetekinoroji kwatemwa. Unofungei nezvenharembozha idzi? Unofunga dzichabatsira kuzivisa chikamu cheveruzhinji chiri kunetsekana nezvehutano hwekufumurwa kweRF, kana kukonzera kuvhiringika? yakangoshevedzera kuti iwedzere tsvakurudzo, asi imwe chete - bhodhi yehutano yeDutch - yakadana kumisa kubudiswa kwepamusoro-bhendi 5G kusvikira mamwe tsvakurudzo yekuchengeteka yaitwa.Izvi zvinokurudzirwa ndezvechokwadi kukwezva kutarisa kwevanhu (kunyange HCN ichifungawo kuti hazvibviri kuti pane zvinetso zvehutano).
Muchinyorwa chake, Frank anonyora kuti, "Masimba ari kubuda ezvidzidzo zverabhoritari anoratidza [radio-frequency electromagnetic fields] inoparadza biological mhedzisiro yeRF-EMF."

Ndiro dambudziko: kune zviuru zveRF biological effects zvidzidzo mumabhuku. Mapeji ekupedzisira, kukosha kwehutano, hutano hwekudzidza uye mazinga ekutsvaga zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana.Vazhinji vavo vakashuma imwe mhando yemigumisiro, panguva dzose uye mazinga ose ekuonekwa.Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakanga zviri pangozi yakakura yekusarura (isina kukwana dosimetry, kushaya kupofumadza, saizi duku, nezvimwewo) uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakanga zvisingaenderani nevamwe." Kunyatsoongorora kubva kumasangano ezvehutano.Ava vagara vachitadza kuwana humbowo hwakajeka hwezvinokonzeresa mundima dzeRF.
Frank akanyunyuta pamusoro pekusapindirana mukukurukura pachena nezve "5G" -- asi akaita chikanganiso chimwe chete nekusataura mabhendi e frequency kana achireva 5G.Kutaura zvazviri, low-band uye mid-band 5G inoshanda pamhepo iri padyo neazvino cellular bhendi uye hairatidzike ichipa nyaya nyowani. biological mhedzisiro mune ino frequency renji, asi simba racho harina kupinda muganda, uye masangano ezvehutano haana kuburitsa kushushikana nezve kuchengetedzeka kwaro pamatanho ekusangana.
Frank haana kudoma tsvakiridzo yaaida kuita asati aburitsa "5G," chero zvaaireva. [FCC] inoda vane marezinesi kuti vatevedzere miganhu yayo yekuratidzira, yakafanana neiri mune dzimwe nyika zhinji. Hapana muenzaniso wekuti tekinoroji itsva yeRF iongororwe zvakananga nezvehutano hweRF hutano husati hwatenderwa, izvo zvingada runyararo rusingaperi rwezvidzidzo.

Kuti uwane ongororo yakadzama ye5G biological effects research, ona [Ken] Karipidis 'chinyorwa, chakawana "hapana humbowo hwakakwana hwekuti yakaderera-level minda yeRF pamusoro pe6 GHz, seaya anoshandiswa ne5G network, anokuvadza kuhutano hwevanhu. Ongororo yakadayi kuti iwedzere tsvakiridzo.
Zvinyorwa zvesainzi zvakasanganiswa, asi kusvika parizvino, masangano ezvehutano haasati awana humbowo hwakajeka hwenjodzi dzehutano kubva kune ambient RF fields.
Hurumende inoita mari yakawanda yekutengesa spectrum ye5G communications, uye inofanira kuisa imwe yacho mukutsvakurudza kwehutano hwepamusoro, kunyanya bhendi yepamusoro 5G. Pachangu, ini ndiri kunyanya kunetseka pamusoro pezvinogona kuitika zvenguva yakawandisa yekrini pakukura kwevana uye nyaya dzepachivande.
Pane nzira dzakavandudzwa dzebasa redosimetry here? Kana zvakadaro, ndeipi mienzaniso inonakidza kana inovimbisa?

Foster: Zvichida kufambira mberi kukuru kuri mucomputational dosimetry nekuunzwa kwe finite difference time domain (FDTD) nzira uye nhamba dzemhando dzemuviri zvichienderana nepamusoro resolution mifananidzo yezvokurapa.Izvi zvinobvumira kuverengera chaiko kwekubata kwemuviri kweRF simba kubva kune chero kupi.Computational dosimetry yakapa hupenyu hutsva kurapa senge hyperthermia yekurapa, kuvandudzwa kwekenza, kuvandudza kwekurapa, uye kuvandudza kenza. MRI imaging systems uye mamwe akawanda matekinoroji ekurapa.
Michael Koziol ishamwari yemupepeti kuIEEE Spectrum, inobata nzvimbo dzese dzezvekufambiswa kwemashoko.Akapedza kudzidza paSeattle University aine BA muChirungu neFizikisi, uye MA muScience Journalism kubva kuNew York University.
Muna 1992, Asad M. Madni akatora mutungamiri weBEI Sensors uye Controls, achitarisira mutsara wechigadzirwa waisanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvema sensors uye inertial navigation navigation, asi yakanga ine diki yevatengi-kunyanya indasitiri yemagetsi uye yekudzivirira magetsi.

Hondo Yemashoko yakapera uye indasitiri yezvidziviriro yeUS yakadonha.Uye bhizinesi haringadzokeri munguva pfupi iri kutevera.BEI yaida kukurumidza kuona nekukwezva vatengi vatsva.
Kuwana vatengi ava kunoda kukanda masisitimu ekambani inertial sensor system mukufarira tekinoroji nyowani yequartz, miniaturizing quartz sensors, uye kushandura mugadziri anogadzira makumi ezviuru emasensa anodhura pagore kugadzira mamirioni zvakachipa. mugadziri we sensor.
Madni akasundira zvakasimba kuti zviitike uye akawana kubudirira kwakawanda kupfuura chero ani zvake angave aifunga nezveGyroChip.Iyi isingadhuri inertial yekuyera sensor ndiyo yekutanga yerudzi rwayo kuti ibatanidzwe mumotokari, zvichiita kuti magetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi (ESC) aone kutsvedza uye kushanda mabhureki kudzivirira rollovers. 7 000 vanogara muUnited States moga, maererano neNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Midziyo iyi inoramba iri pamwoyo wendege dzisingaverengeki dzekutengesa uye dzepachivande, pamwe nekugadzikana kwekudzora masisitimu eUS missile kutungamira masisitimu. Yakatoenda kuMars sechikamu chePathfinder Sojourner rover.
Parizvino basa: Anoremekedzwa Adjunct Purofesa paUCLA; Retired President, CEO uye CTO yeBEI Technologies

Dzidzo: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 uye 1972, MS, UCLA, zvose mu Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Magamba: Kazhinji, baba vangu vakandidzidzisa nzira yokudzidza nayo, kuva munhu, uye revo yorudo, tsitsi, uye tsitsi; mune unyanzvi, Michelangelo; musayenzi, Albert Einstein; mune engineering In, Claude Shannon
Mimhanzi yaunofarira: Mumhanzi wekuMadokero, maBeatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Mimhanzi yekuMabvazuva, Ghazals
Nhengo dzesangano: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy yeUinjiniya; UK Royal Academy yeUinjiniya; Canadian Academy yeUinjiniya
Mubairo unonyanya kukosha: IEEE Medal of Honor: "Mipiro yekupayona mukusimudzira uye kushambadzira kwehunyanzvi hwekunzwa uye masisitimu matekinoroji, uye hutungamiriri hwekutsvaga"; UCLA Alumni yeGore ra2004
Madni akagamuchira 2022 IEEE Medal of Honor yekupayona GyroChip, pakati pezvimwe zvipo mukuvandudza tekinoroji uye hutungamiriri hwekutsvagisa.
Uinjiniya rakanga risiri iro rekutanga sarudzo yaMadni.Aida kuve shasha yekupendi.Asi mamiriro emari emhuri yake muMumbai, India (panguva iyoyo Mumbai) muma1950 nema1960 akamushandura kuita engineering-kunyanya zvemagetsi, nekuda kwekuda kwake mune zvitsva zvemazuva ano zvinosanganisira muhomwe transistor maredhiyo kuUnited States. New York City, iyo yakagadzirwa mukutanga 1900s kudzidzisa vasina waya vanoshanda uye matekiniki.
"Ndinoda kuva injiniya anogona kugadzira zvinhu," akadaro Madeney, "uye kuita zvinhu zvinozokanganisa vanhu pakupedzisira. Nokuti kana ndisingakwanisi kukanganisa vanhu, ndinonzwa sokuti basa rangu richave risina kuzadzikiswa."

Madni akapinda muUCLA muna 1969 aine dhigirii reBachelor muuinjiniya hwemagetsi mushure memakore maviri ari muchirongwa cheElectronics Technology paRCA College. Akaenderera mberi nekuita master's uye doctorate, achishandisa digital signal processing uye frequency domain reflectometry kuti aongorore telecommunication systems for his thesis research.Mukati mezvidzidzo zvake, akashandawo semudzidzisi paPacific State Oblast's Davidiler, akashanda paPacific State Oblast, David. seinjiniya ari kugadzira makomputa emagetsi kuPertec.
Zvino, muna 1975, achangochata uye nekusimbirira kweaimbodzidza naye, akanyorera basa mudhipatimendi reSystron Donner's microwave.
Madni akatanga kugadzira nyika yekutanga spectrum analyzer ine digital storage paSystron Donner.Akanga asati amboshandisa spectrum analyzer kare-yaidhura zvikuru panguva iyoyo-asi aiziva dzidziso yacho zvakakwana kuti azvigutse kuti atore basa racho.Akabva apedza mwedzi mitanhatu achiedza, achiwana ruzivo rwemaoko nechiridzwa asati aedza kuchigadzirisa.
Iyo purojekiti yakatora makore maviri uye, maererano naMadni, yakaguma nematatu akakosha patents, kutanga kwake "kukwira kune zvinhu zvikuru uye zviri nani." Yakamudzidzisawo kuonga mutsauko pakati pe "zvazvinoreva kuva neruzivo rwedzidziso uye kutengeserana tekinoroji inogona kubatsira vamwe," akadaro.

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