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Nyanzvi dzinotungamira muRF dosimetry dzinoongorora kurwadziwa kwe5G—uye musiyano uripo pakati pekusangana nedosi

Kenneth R. Foster ane makore akawanda eruzivo rwekudzidza nezvemwaranzi yeredhiyo (RF) uye mhedzisiro yayo pamaitiro ezvipenyu. Iye zvino, akanyora ongororo itsva pamusoro penyaya iyi pamwe chete nevamwe vaongorori vaviri, Marvin Ziskin naQuirino Balzano. Vose vari vatatu (vese vari vashandi veIEEE) vane ruzivo rwemakore anopfuura zana panyaya iyi.
Ongororo iyi, yakaburitswa muInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health muna Kukadzi, yakatarisa makore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura ekutsvagisa pamusoro pekuongorora RF exposure uye dosimetry. Mariri, vanyori pamwe chete vanotsanangura kuti basa iri rafambira mberi sei uye kuti nei vachiriona senyaya yekubudirira kwesainzi.
IEEE Spectrum yakataura neemail napurofesa weYunivhesiti yePennsylvania emeritus Foster. Taida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti sei zvidzidzo zvekuongorora RF exposure zvichibudirira kudaro, chii chinoita kuti RF dosimetry ive yakaoma kudaro, uye kuti sei kunetseka kweveruzhinji nezvehutano nemwaranzi isina waya kusingambofi kwapera.
Kune avo vasingazive musiyano, musiyano uripi pakati pekubatwa nechirwere ichi nedoro racho?

Kenneth Foster: Panyaya yekuchengetedzeka kweRF, kusvibiswa kunoreva munda uri kunze kwemuviri, uye chiyero chinoreva simba rinonyudzwa mukati menyama yemuviri. Zvese zvakakosha kune akawanda mashandisirwo - semuenzaniso, ongororo yezvekurapa, yehutano hwebasa, uye ongororo yekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi evatengi.
"Kuti uwane ongororo yakanaka yetsvagurudzo pamusoro pemigumisiro ye5G muhupenyu, ona chinyorwa cha[Ken] Karipidis, icho chakaona 'pasina humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti minda yeRF yakaderera pamusoro pe6 GHz, senge inoshandiswa ne5G networks, inokuvadza hutano hwevanhu.'" -- Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Kuyera minda yeRF munzvimbo yakasununguka harisi dambudziko. Dambudziko chairo rinomuka mune dzimwe nguva kusiyana kukuru kwekusangana neRF. Semuenzaniso, masayendisiti mazhinji ari kuongorora huwandu hweRF munzvimbo yakapoteredza kuti vagadzirise matambudziko ehutano hweveruzhinji. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwakawanda hweRF munzvimbo yakapoteredza uye kuora nekukurumidza kweRF kubva kune chero nzvimbo, iri harisi basa riri nyore. Kutsanangura nemazvo kusangana kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe munzvimbo yakapoteredza idambudziko guru, kunyanya kune masayendisiti mashoma anoedza kuita izvozvo.

Iwe nevamwe vanyori venyu pawakanyora chinyorwa chako cheIJERPH, chinangwa chako chaiva chekuratidza kubudirira nematambudziko ekuongorora ruzivo rwevanhu? Foster: Chinangwa chedu ndechekuratidza kufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwakaitwa nekutsvaga ruzivo rwevanhu pamusoro peruzivo ...
Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso munzvimbo idzi kwavandudzika zvakadii? Ungandiudza here kuti ndezvipi zvishandiso zvaivepo kwauri pakutanga kwebasa rako, semuenzaniso, zvichienzaniswa nezviripo nhasi? Zvishandiso zvakavandudzwa zvinobatsira sei mukubudirira kwekuongorora kuratidzwa?
Foster: Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuyera minda yeRF muongororo yehutano nekuchengetedzeka zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuva nesimba. Ndiani angadai akafunga makumi emakore apfuura kuti zvishandiso zvekutengeserana zvaizova zvakasimba zvekuti zviunzwe kubasa, zvichikwanisa kuyera minda yeRF yakasimba zvekuti zvikonzere njodzi kubasa, asi zvichinzwa zvakakwana kuti zviyere minda isina simba kubva kumaantenna ari kure? Panguva imwe chete, sarudza spectrum chaiyo yechiratidzo kuti uzive kwachinobva?
Chii chinoitika kana tekinoroji isina waya ikapinda mumabhendi matsva efrequency—semuenzaniso, ma millimeter nema terahertz waves efoni, kana 6 GHz yeWi-Fi?
Foster: Zvakare, dambudziko rine chekuita nekuoma kwemamiriro ekushandiswa kwemasero, kwete midziyo. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzenharembozha dze5G dzine mabhandi makuru dzinoburitsa mwenje yakawanda inofamba muchadenga. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kuverenga huwandu hwevanhu vari pedyo nenzvimbo dzenharembozha kuti vaone kuti kushandiswa kwemasero kwakachengeteka (sezvavanowanzoita).
"Ini pachangu ndiri kunetseka zvikuru nezvekukanganisa kungangoitika kana nguva yakawanda ndichitarisa TV pakukura kwevana uye nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwavo." – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Kana kuongorora kuratidzwa kwechirwere kuri dambudziko rakagadziriswa, chii chinoita kuti kukwira kwe dosimetry chaiyo kuve kwakaoma kudaro? Chii chinoita kuti chekutanga chive nyore kupfuura chechipiri?
Foster: Dosimetry inonetsa kupfuura kuongorora kuratidzwa kwechirwere. Kazhinji haugone kuisa RF probe mumuviri wemumwe munhu. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei ungade ruzivo urwu, senge mukurapa hyperthermia yekurapa kenza, uko nyama dzinofanira kupiswa kusvika padanho rakatarwa. Kupisa kushoma uye hapana rubatsiro rwekurapa, kwakawandisa uye uchapisa murwere.
Mungandiudze zvakawanda here nezvekuti dosimetry inoitwa sei nhasi? Kana musingakwanise kuisa probe mumuviri wemumwe munhu, chii chinotevera chakanakisisa?
Foster: Hazvina kuipa kushandisa mita dzeRF dzekare kuyera minda iri mumhepo nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika pabasa rekuchengetedza basa, kwaunofanira kuyera minda yeredhiyo inoitika pamiviri yevashandi. Kune clinical hyperthermia, ungangoda kubatanidza varwere ne thermal probes, asi computational dosimetry yakavandudza zvikuru kururama kwekuyera thermal doses uye yakatungamira mukufambira mberi kwakakosha mu tekinoroji. Kune zvidzidzo zveRF biological effects (semuenzaniso, kushandisa antennas dzakaiswa pamhuka), zvakakosha kuziva kuti simba reRF rakawanda sei rinonyudzwa mumuviri uye kuti rinoenda kupi. Haugone kungozunguza foni yako pamberi pemhuka senzvimbo yekusangana nayo (asi vamwe vaongorori vanoita). Kune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvikuru, zvakaita sekudzidza kweNational Toxicology Program yazvino yekuona RF simba mumakonzo, hapana imwe nzira chaiyo pane computed dosimetry.
Sei muchifunga kuti kune zvakawanda zviri kuitika pamusoro pemwaranzi isina waya zvekuti vanhu vanoyera huwandu hwemwaranzi iyi kumba?

Foster: Kuona njodzi inyaya yakaoma. Hunhu hwemwaranzi yeredhiyo hunowanzo kukonzera kunetseka. Haugone kuzviona, hapana hukama hwakananga pakati pekusangana nenjodzi nemigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana iyo vamwe vanhu vanonetseka nezvayo, vanhu vanowanzo sanganisa simba remafrequency eredhiyo (kusaita ionizing, zvichireva kuti maphotoni ayo haana kusimba zvekuda kuputsa mabhondi emakemikari) neX-rays dzinoita ionizing, nezvimwewo. Mwaranzi (ine njodzi chaiyo). Vamwe vanofunga kuti "vanonyanya kunzwa" nemwaranzi isina waya, kunyangwe masayendisiti asina kukwanisa kuratidza kunzwa uku muzvidzidzo zvakapofumara uye zvinodzorwa. Vamwe vanhu vanonzwa vari panjodzi nehuwandu hwemaantenna anoshandiswa pakutaurirana kwewaya. Mabhuku esainzi ane mishumo yakawanda ine chekuita nehutano yemhando dzakasiyana iyo munhu anogona kuwana nyaya inotyisa. Vamwe masayendisiti vanotenda kuti panogona kunge paine dambudziko rehutano (kunyangwe sangano rezvehutano rakaona kuti harina hanya asi rakati "tsvakurudzo yakawanda" yaidiwa). Rondedzero inoenderera mberi.

Kuongororwa kwekuonekwa kwechinhu kunobatsira zvikuru. Vatengi vanogona kutenga maRF detectors asingadhuri asi anonzwa zvakanyanya uye kuongorora maRF signals munzvimbo yavo, ayo akawanda. Mimwe yemidziyo iyi "inodzvanya" sezvainoyera ma radio frequency pulses kubva kumidziyo yakaita seWi-Fi access points, uye inonzwika seGeiger counter munuclear reactor yepasi rose. Zvinotyisa. Mamwe maRF metres anotengeswawo kuti ashandiswe kutsvaga mweya, asi iyi ipurogiramu yakasiyana.
Gore rapfuura, British Medical Journal yakaburitsa chikumbiro chekumisa kushandiswa kwe5G kusvika kwaonekwa kuchengetedzeka kwetekinoroji. Unofungei nezvemafoni aya? Unofunga kuti achabatsira kuzivisa chikamu cheveruzhinji vane hanya nezvemigumisiro yehutano yekusangana neRF, kana kuti kukonzera kuvhiringidzika kwakanyanya? Foster: Uri kutaura nezvepfungwa yakanyorwa na [epidemiologist John] Frank, uye handibvumirani nezvakawanda zvacho. Masangano mazhinji ezvehutano akaongorora sainzi akangokumbira kuti pave nekutsvagurudza kwakawanda, asi kanenge kamwe chete - bhodhi rehutano reDutch - akakumbira kuti pave nekumira kwekuburitswa kwe5G yepamusoro kusvika kwaitwa kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakawanda. Mazano aya achakwezva kutariswa kweveruzhinji (kunyange zvazvo HCN ichionawo kuti hazvigoneke kuti pave nekunetsekana kwehutano).
Muchinyorwa chake, Frank anonyora kuti, "Kusimba kuri kubuda kwezvidzidzo zverabhoritari kunoratidza kuti [minda yemagetsi inoparadza maradio-frequency] migumisiro yeRF-EMF inoparadza zvipenyu."

Dambudziko ndiro iri: kune zviuru zvezvidzidzo zveRF biological effects mumabhuku. Magumo, kukosha kwehutano, mhando yekudzidza uye mwero wekuratidzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyanya. Zvizhinji zvacho zvakataura nezvemhedzisiro, pahuwandu hwese uye padanho rese rekuratidzwa. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvaive panjodzi huru yekusarura (dosimetry isina kukwana, kushaya kupofumadza, saizi diki yesampuro, nezvimwewo) uye zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvaive zvisingaenderane nezvimwe. "Simba rekutsvagisa riri kubuda" harina musoro zvakanyanya kune izvi zvinyorwa zvisingazivikanwe. Frank anofanira kuvimba nekuongororwa kwakanyatsoitwa nemasangano ehutano. Izvi zvakagara zvichikundikana kuwana humbowo hwakajeka hwemhedzisiro yakaipa yenzvimbo dzeRF dziri munzvimbo.
Frank akanyunyuta nezvekusawirirana kwakaitwa pakutaura pachena nezve "5G" -- asi akaita chikanganiso chimwe chete nekusataura nezvema frequency band paakataura nezve 5G. Kutaura zvazviri, 5G inoshanda pama frequency ari pedyo nema cellular band aripo uye hairatidzike seine matambudziko matsva ekuonekwa. High-band 5G inoshanda pama frequency ari pasi pe mmWave range, kutanga pa 30 GHz. Zvidzidzo zvishoma zvakaitwa pamhedzisiro ye biology mu frequency range iyi, asi simba racho haripindi paganda, uye masangano ezvehutano haana kunyunyuta nezvekuchengetedzeka kwaro pamazinga akafanana ekuonekwa.
Frank haana kutaura kuti aida kuita tsvakiridzo ipi asati atanga "5G," chero zvaaireva. [FCC] inoda kuti vane marezinesi vatevedzere miganhu yayo yekusvibiswa, iyo yakafanana neyemunyika zhinji. Hapana muenzaniso wekuti tekinoroji itsva yeRF iongororwe zvakananga kuti ione migumisiro yehutano hweRF isati yabvumidzwa, izvo zvingada zvidzidzo zvisingaperi. Kana zvirambidzo zveFCC zvisina kuchengetedzeka, zvinofanirwa kuchinjwa.

Kuti uwane ongororo yakadzama yetsvakiridzo ye5G biological effects, ona chinyorwa cha[Ken] Karipidis, chakaona kuti "hapana humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti minda yeRF yakaderera pamusoro pe6 GHz, senge inoshandiswa ne5G networks, inokuvadza hutano hwevanhu. Ongororo iyi yakakumbirawo kuti pave nekutsvagurudza kwakawanda."
Mabhuku esainzi akasanganiswa, asi kusvika pari zvino, masangano ezvehutano haana kuwana humbowo hwakajeka hwenjodzi dzehutano kubva kuminda yeRF iri munzvimbo dziri pedyo. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti, mabhuku esainzi pamusoro pemhedzisiro ye mmWave biological idiki, ine zvidzidzo zvinosvika zana, uye zvine mhando dzakasiyana.
Hurumende inoita mari yakawanda nekutengesa 5G communications, uye inofanira kuisa imwe yacho muongororo yehutano hwepamusoro, kunyanya 5G yepamusoro. Ini pachangu, ndiri kunetseka zvikuru nezvekukanganisa kunogona kuitika kana nguva yakawanda ichishandiswa pakuona vana uye nyaya dzekuchengetedza ruzivo rwavo.
Pane nzira dzakavandudzwa dzebasa re dosimetry here? Kana zvakadaro, ndedzipi mienzaniso inonakidza kana kuti inovimbisa?

Foster: Pamwe kufambira mberi kukuru kuri mu computational dosimetry nekuunzwa kwe finite difference time domain (FDTD) nzira uye manumeral models emuviri zvichibva pamifananidzo yekurapa ine resolution yepamusoro. Izvi zvinobvumira kuverenga kwakanyatsojeka kwekutorwa kwesimba reRF mumuviri kubva kune chero chinhu. Computational dosimetry yakapa hupenyu hutsva kumishonga yakasimbiswa, yakadai se hyperthermia inoshandiswa kurapa kenza, uye yakatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwe MRI imaging systems dzakavandudzwa nedzimwe tekinoroji dzakawanda dzekurapa.
Michael Koziol inyanzvi yekunyora nhau paIEEE Spectrum, achinyora nezvenyaya dzese dzekutaurirana. Akapedza kudzidza paSeattle University aine BA muChirungu neFizikisi, uye MA muScience Journalism kubva kuNew York University.
Muna 1992, Asad M. Madni akatora hutungamiriri hweBEI Sensors and Controls, achitarisira chigadzirwa chaisanganisira masensa akasiyana-siyana uye michina yekufambisa inertial, asi yaive nevatengi vashoma—kunyanya maindasitiri emagetsi emuchadenga nekudzivirira.

Hondo Yemashoko yakapera uye indasitiri yekudzivirira yeUS yakadonha. Uye mabhizinesi haazogadzirisiki munguva pfupi iri kutevera. BEI yaifanira kukurumidza kuziva nekukwezva vatengi vatsva.
Kuwana vatengi ava kunoda kusiya masisitimu emakanika einertial sensor ekambani iyi nekushandisa tekinoroji itsva yequartz isina kusimbiswa, kugadzira masensa equartz madiki, uye kushandura mugadziri anogadzira makumi ezviuru zvemasensa anodhura pagore kuti agadzire mamiriyoni emugadziri wesensa asingadhuri.
Madni akaedza nesimba kuti zviitike uye akawana kubudirira kupfuura chero ani zvake aigona kufungidzira nezveGyroChip. Iyi inertial measurement sensor isingadhuri ndiyo yekutanga yerudzi rwayo kubatanidzwa mumotokari, zvichiita kuti masisitimu emagetsi ekudzora kugadzikana (ESC) akwanise kuona kutsvedza uye kushandisa mabhureki kudzivirira kutenderera. Sezvo maESC akaiswa mumotokari dzese itsva mukati memakore mashanu kubva muna 2011 kusvika 2015, masisitimu aya akaponesa hupenyu hwevanhu zviuru zvinomwe muUnited States chete, sekureva kweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Midziyo iyi ichiri pakati pendege dzakawanda dzekutengeserana nedzepachivande, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwekudzora kugadzikana kwehurongwa hwekutungamira zvombo zveUS. Yakatoenda kuMars sechikamu chePathfinder Sojourner rover.
Basa razvino: Purofesa Anotsigira paUCLA; Mutungamiriri weParamende, CEO uye CTO weBEI Technologies

Dzidzo: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 na1972, MS, UCLA, zvese zviri muElectrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Magamba: Kazhinji, baba vangu vakandidzidzisa kudzidza, kuva munhu, uye zvinoreva rudo, tsitsi, uye tsitsi; muunyanzvi, Michelangelo; musainzi, Albert Einstein; muinjiniya. Mu, Claude Shannon
Mimhanzi yaunofarira: Mumimhanzi yeWestern, maBeatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Mimhanzi yeEastern, Ghazals
Nhengo dzesangano: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy of Engineering; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Canadian Academy of Engineering
Mubairo une kukosha kukuru: IEEE Medal of Honor: "Mipiro yekutanga mukusimudzira nekutengeserana kwetekinoroji itsva yekuona uye masisitimu, uye hutungamiriri hwakanaka hwekutsvagisa"; UCLA Alumni weGore ra2004
Madni akagamuchira Menduru yeIEEE ye2022 yekukudzwa nekuda kwekuva mutungamiriri weGyroChip, pakati pezvimwe zvakabatsira mukusimudzira tekinoroji nehutungamiriri hwekutsvagisa.
Basa reinjiniya harina kutanga rakasarudzwa naMadni. Aida kuva muvezi akanaka wemifananidzo. Asi mamiriro emari emhuri yake muMumbai, India (yainzi Mumbai) kuma1950 nema1960 akamuita kuti ave muinjiniya—kunyanya zvemagetsi, nekuda kwekufarira kwake zvinhu zvitsva zviri mumaredhiyo epocket transistor. Muna 1966, akatamira kuUnited States kunodzidza zvemagetsi paRCA College muNew York City, iyo yakagadzirwa kutanga kwema1900 kudzidzisa vashandi vemagetsi nevanopa maturusi.
"Ndinoda kuva mainjiniya anogona kugadzira zvinhu," akadaro Madeney, "uye kuita zvinhu zvinozopedzisira zvakanganisa vanhu. Nekuti kana ndikasakwanisa kukanganisa vanhu, ndinonzwa sekunge basa rangu harizozadziki."

Madni akapinda muUCLA muna 1969 aine dhigirii reBachelor muElectrical Engineering mushure memakore maviri muElectronics Technology program paRCA College. Akaenderera mberi nekutsvaga dhigirii reMasters neDoctorate, achishandisa digital signal processing uye frequency domain reflectometry kuongorora masisitimu ekukurukurirana kwefoni muongororo yake yethesis. Munguva yezvidzidzo zvake, akashandawo semudzidzisi paPacific State University, akashanda mukutarisira zvinhu paBeverly Hills repair David Orgell, uye seinjiniya anogadzira zvinhu zvemakombiyuta paPertec.
Zvadaro, muna 1975, achangobva kuroora uye achikurudzirwa nemumwe waaimbodzidza naye, akanyorera basa mudhipatimendi reSystron Donner rema microwave.
Madni akatanga kugadzira spectrum analyzer yekutanga pasi rose ine digital storage kuSystron Donner. Akanga asati amboshandisa spectrum analyzer kare—yaidhura zvikuru panguva iyoyo—asi aiziva dzidziso yacho zvakakwana zvekuti akazvinyengetedza kuti atore basa racho. Akazopedza mwedzi mitanhatu achiedza, achiwana ruzivo rwekushandisa chishandiso ichi asati aedza kuchigadzira patsva.
Chirongwa ichi chakatora makore maviri uye, sekureva kwaMadni, chakakonzera mapatenti matatu akakosha, achitanga "kukwira kwake kuenda kuzvinhu zvikuru uye zviri nani." Zvakamudzidzisawo kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati pe "zvinoreva kuva neruzivo rwedzidziso uye kutengeserana tekinoroji inogona kubatsira vamwe," akadaro.

Tinogonawo kugadzirisa zvikamu zveRF passive zvinoenderana nezvamunoda. Munogona kupinda papeji rekugadzirisa kuti mupe zvinodiwa zvamunoda.
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